文章目录
- MySQL 语句执行流程
一、存储过程
存储过程是SQL 语句和控制语句的预编译集合,以一个名称存储并作为一个单元处理。
-
存储过程的优点
- 增强SQL语句的功能和灵活性
- 实现较快的执行速度
- 减少网络流量
-
创建存储过程
CREATE
[ DEFINER = { user | CURRENT_USER }]
PROCEDURE sp_name ([ proc_parameter [, …] ])
[ characteristic …] routine_bodyproc_parameter:
[ IN | OUT | INOUT ] param_name type
-
DEFINER: 指明创建者,省略默认为当前登录用户
-
sp_name: 存储过程的名字,可以带零个或多个参数
-
proc_parameter: 参数的写法
-
IN: 表示该参数的值必须在调用存储过程时指定
-
OUT: 表示该参数的值可以被存储过程改变,并且可以返回
-
INOUT: 表示该参数的调用时指定,并且可以被改变和返回
-
characteristic: 存储过程的特性
COMMENT: 注释
CONTAINS SQL: 包含SQL语句,但不包含读或写数据的语句
NO SQL: 不包含SQL语句
READS SQL DATA: 包含读数据的语句
MODIFIES SQL DATA: 包含写数据的语句
SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }: 指明谁有权限来执行
- routine_body: 过程体
- 过程体由合法的SQL语句构成;
- 过程体可以是任意SQL语句(增、删、改、查、连接);
- 过程体如果为复合结构则使用BEGIN……END语句;
- 复合结构可以包含声明,循环,控制结构;
二、创建不带参的存储过程
- 创建一个简单的存储过程
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE sp1()
-> SELECT VERSION();
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
调用存储过程
CALL sp_name([ parameter[, …] ])
CALL sp_name[()]
对于不带参的存储过程,调用时带不带小括号都可以。
mysql> CALL sp1;
+-----------+
| VERSION() |
+-----------+
| 5.5.37 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> CALL sp1();
+-----------+
| VERSION() |
+-----------+
| 5.5.37 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
三、创建带有IN类型参数的存储过程
- 创建测试的数据表
mysql> CREATE TABLE users(
-> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
-> username VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL ,
-> password VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
-> age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL,
-> sex BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
mysql> DESC users;
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | smallint(5) unsigned | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| password | varchar(40) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO | | NULL | |
| sex | tinyint(1) | YES | | 0 | |
+----------+----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- 写入数据
INSERT users(username, password, age, sex) VALUES('A', MD5('A'), 14, true);
INSERT users(username, password, age, sex) VALUES('B', MD5('B'), 11, true);
INSERT users(username, password, age, sex) VALUES('C', MD5('C'), 13, false);
INSERT users(username, password, age, sex) VALUES('D', MD5('D'), 16, true);
INSERT users(username, password, age, sex) VALUES('E', MD5('E'), 15, false);
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| 1 | A | 7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29 | 14 | 1 |
| 2 | B | 9d5ed678fe57bcca610140957afab571 | 11 | 1 |
| 3 | C | 0d61f8370cad1d412f80b84d143e1257 | 13 | 0 |
| 4 | D | f623e75af30e62bbd73d6df5b50bb7b5 | 16 | 1 |
| 5 | E | 3a3ea00cfc35332cedf6e5e9a32e94da | 15 | 0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
-
创建带有IN类型参数的存储过程
注意传入存储过程的参数,不要和列名重复,避免意外的结果
mysql> DELIMITER //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE removeUserById(IN p_id INT UNSIGNED)
-> BEGIN
-> DELETE FROM users WHERE id = p_id;
-> END
-> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)
- 执行存储过程
mysql> DELIMITER ;
mysql> CALL removeUserById(3);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.06 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| 1 | A | 7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29 | 14 | 1 |
| 2 | B | 9d5ed678fe57bcca610140957afab571 | 11 | 1 |
| 4 | D | f623e75af30e62bbd73d6df5b50bb7b5 | 16 | 1 |
| 5 | E | 3a3ea00cfc35332cedf6e5e9a32e94da | 15 | 0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
修改存储过程
只能修改 characteristic , 如注释等,不能修改存储过程的其他内容。
ALTER PROCEDURE sp_name [ characteristic …]
COMMENT ‘string’
| { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }
| SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }
删除存储过程
DROP PROCEDURE [ IF EXISTS ] sp name
mysql> DROP PROCEDURE removeUserById;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
四、创建带有 IN 和 OUT 类型参数的存储过程
创建一个存储过程:完成删除一行记录并返回剩余行的总数。
mysql> DELIMITER //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE removeUserAndReturnUserNums(IN p_id INT UNSIGNED, OUT userNums INT UNSIGNED)
-> BEGIN
-> DELETE FROM users WHERE id = p_id;
-> SELECT count(id) FROM users INTO userNums;
-> END
-> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
- 调用存储过程并查看结果
mysql> DELIMITER ;
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| 1 | A | 7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29 | 14 | 1 |
| 2 | B | 9d5ed678fe57bcca610140957afab571 | 11 | 1 |
| 4 | D | f623e75af30e62bbd73d6df5b50bb7b5 | 16 | 1 |
| 5 | E | 3a3ea00cfc35332cedf6e5e9a32e94da | 15 | 0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> CALL removeUserAndReturnUserNums(4, @nums);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
mysql> SELECT @nums;
+-------+
| @nums |
+-------+
| 3 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| 1 | A | 7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29 | 14 | 1 |
| 2 | B | 9d5ed678fe57bcca610140957afab571 | 11 | 1 |
| 5 | E | 3a3ea00cfc35332cedf6e5e9a32e94da | 15 | 0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
五、创建带有多个OUT类型参数的存储过程
函数 ROW_COUNT()
返回修改(插入、更新、删除)数据的总数。
mysql> INSERT users (username, password, age) VALUES ('X', MD5('X'), 21), ('Y',MD5('Y'), 23), ('Z', MD5('Z'), 25);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> SELECT ROW_COUNT();
+-------------+
| ROW_COUNT() |
+-------------+
| 3 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| 1 | A | 7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29 | 14 | 1 |
| 2 | B | 9d5ed678fe57bcca610140957afab571 | 11 | 1 |
| 5 | E | 3a3ea00cfc35332cedf6e5e9a32e94da | 15 | 0 |
| 6 | X | 02129bb861061d1a052c592e2dc6b383 | 21 | 0 |
| 7 | Y | 57cec4137b614c87cb4e24a3d003a3e0 | 23 | 0 |
| 8 | Z | 21c2e59531c8710156d34a3c30ac81d5 | 25 | 0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 创建存储过程:根据年龄来删除用户,并返回删除的用户数和剩余的用户数
mysql> DELIMITER //
mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE removeUserByAgeReturnInfos
-> (IN p_age SMALLINT UNSIGNED,
-> OUT deleteUsers SMALLINT UNSIGNED,
-> OUT userCounts SMALLINT UNSIGNED)
-> BEGIN
-> DELETE FROM users WHERE age > p_age;
-> SELECT ROW_COUNT() INTO deleteUsers;
-> SELECT COUNT(id) FROM users INTO userCounts;
-> END
-> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
- 调用存储过程
mysql> DELIMITER ;
mysql> CALL removeUserByAgeReturnInfos(20, @a, @b);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> SELECT @a, @b;
+------+------+
| @a | @b |
+------+------+
| 3 | 3 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM users;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| 1 | A | 7fc56270e7a70fa81a5935b72eacbe29 | 14 | 1 |
| 2 | B | 9d5ed678fe57bcca610140957afab571 | 11 | 1 |
| 5 | E | 3a3ea00cfc35332cedf6e5e9a32e94da | 15 | 0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
六、存储过程与自定义函数的区别
- 存储过程实现的功能要复杂一些;而函数的针对性更强;
- 存储过程可以返回多个值;函数只能有一个返回值;
- 存储过程一般独立的来执行;而函数可以作为其他SQL语句的组成部分来出现。
七、用户变量、系统变量、局部变量
1、用户变量
- 定义
以"@“开始,形式为”@变量名"
注:用户变量跟mysql客户端是绑定的,设置的变量只对当前用户使用的客户端生效。也叫回话变量。
- 赋值及查看
mysql> SET @test = 1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT @test;
+-------+
| @test |
+-------+
| 1 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT @test2, @test3 = 2;
+--------+------------+
| @test2 | @test3 = 2 |
+--------+------------+
| NULL | NULL |
+--------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注1:如果使用没有初始化的变量,其值是NULL。
注2:使用set赋值时,使用的是“=”,使用select赋值时使用的是“:="。
2、系统变量
MySQL可以设置许多系统变量,当服务器启动时,会将所有全局变量初始化为默认值,并允许服务器运行期间动态修改,但需要具有SUPER权限。
- 修改系统变量
// 方式1
mysql> SET GLOBAL wait_timeout = 10;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
//方式2(推荐)
mysql> SET @@GLOBAL.wait_timeout = 28800;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE 'wait_timeout';
+---------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+-------+
| wait_timeout | 28800 |
+---------------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3、局部变量
设置在begin到end语句块之间,且作用范围也在begin到end内的变量。
- 定义
declare语句专门用于定义局部变量。
BEGIN
DECLACE test INT UNSIGNED;
…
END
-
赋值
set语句进行赋值。
SET test = 200;