pycocotools/_mask.c:4:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory

安装pycocotools时问题的解决方案

$ pip3.7 install pycocotools
Collecting pycocotools
  Downloading https://pypi.doubanio.com/packages/5c/82/bcaf4d21d7027fe5165b88e3aef1910a36ed02c3e99d3385d1322ea0ba29/pycocotools-2.0.1.tar.gz (23 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools>=18.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from pycocotools) (47.3.1)
Requirement already satisfied: cython>=0.27.3 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from pycocotools) (0.29.20)
Requirement already satisfied: matplotlib>=2.1.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from pycocotools) (3.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: pyparsing!=2.0.4,!=2.1.2,!=2.1.6,>=2.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from matplotlib>=2.1.0->pycocotools) (2.1.4)
Requirement already satisfied: kiwisolver>=1.0.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from matplotlib>=2.1.0->pycocotools) (1.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: cycler>=0.10 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from matplotlib>=2.1.0->pycocotools) (0.10.0)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.11 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from matplotlib>=2.1.0->pycocotools) (1.18.5)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages (from matplotlib>=2.1.0->pycocotools) (2.8.1)
Requirement already satisfied: six in /usr/lib/python3/dist-packages (from cycler>=0.10->matplotlib>=2.1.0->pycocotools) (1.10.0)
Building wheels for collected packages: pycocotools
  Building wheel for pycocotools (setup.py) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /usr/bin/python3.7 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' bdist_wheel -d /tmp/pip-wheel-gdxwzayr
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/
  Complete output (27 lines):
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7
  creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
  copying pycocotools/mask.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
  copying pycocotools/cocoeval.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
  copying pycocotools/coco.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
  copying pycocotools/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
  running build_ext
  cythoning pycocotools/_mask.pyx to pycocotools/_mask.c
  /usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/Cython/Compiler/Main.py:369: FutureWarning: Cython directive 'language_level' not set, using 2 for now (Py2). This will change in a later release! File: /tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/pycocotools/_mask.pyx
    tree = Parsing.p_module(s, pxd, full_module_name)
  building 'pycocotools._mask' extension
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/common
  creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include -I./common -I/usr/include/python3.7m -c ./common/maskApi.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/./common/maskApi.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
  ./common/maskApi.c: In function ‘rleToBbox’:
  ./common/maskApi.c:141:31: warning: ‘xp’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
         if(j%2==0) xp=x; else if(xp<x) { ys=0; ye=h-1; }
                                 ^
  x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include -I./common -I/usr/include/python3.7m -c pycocotools/_mask.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools/_mask.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
  pycocotools/_mask.c:4:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
  compilation terminated.
  error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for pycocotools
  Running setup.py clean for pycocotools
Failed to build pycocotools
Installing collected packages: pycocotools
    Running setup.py install for pycocotools ... error
    ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /usr/bin/python3.7 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-ffhnith1/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --user --prefix= --compile --install-headers /home/zss/.local/include/python3.7m/pycocotools
         cwd: /tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/
    Complete output (25 lines):
    running install
    running build
    running build_py
    creating build
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7
    creating build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
    copying pycocotools/mask.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
    copying pycocotools/cocoeval.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
    copying pycocotools/coco.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
    copying pycocotools/__init__.py -> build/lib.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
    running build_ext
    skipping 'pycocotools/_mask.c' Cython extension (up-to-date)
    building 'pycocotools._mask' extension
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/common
    creating build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools
    x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include -I./common -I/usr/include/python3.7m -c ./common/maskApi.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/./common/maskApi.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
    ./common/maskApi.c: In function ‘rleToBbox’:
    ./common/maskApi.c:141:31: warning: ‘xp’ may be used uninitialized in this function [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
           if(j%2==0) xp=x; else if(xp<x) { ys=0; ye=h-1; }
                                   ^
    x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O2 -Wall -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -g -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fPIC -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/numpy/core/include -I./common -I/usr/include/python3.7m -c pycocotools/_mask.c -o build/temp.linux-x86_64-3.7/pycocotools/_mask.o -Wno-cpp -Wno-unused-function -std=c99
    pycocotools/_mask.c:4:20: fatal error: Python.h: No such file or directory
    compilation terminated.
    error: command 'x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc' failed with exit status 1
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: /usr/bin/python3.7 -u -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/tmp/pip-install-a2vl5cqt/pycocotools/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' install --record /tmp/pip-record-ffhnith1/install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --user --prefix= --compile --install-headers /home/zss/.local/include/python3.7m/pycocotools Check the logs for full command output.

解决方法:
Usually this means python-dev is not installed. Can you try running

sudo apt-get install python3.7-dev

备注: python3.7处可随着Python版本做调整