3.8 策略 strategy

专业描述 它能让你定义一系列算法，并将每种算法分别放在独立的类中，以使算法的对象能够相互替换。

真实世界类比 假设你需要前往机场。你可以选择乘坐公共汽车、预约出租车或骑自行车。这就是你的出行策略。你可以根据预算或时间等因素来选择其中一种策略。

策略模式结构

1. 上下文 （Context） 维护指向具体策略的引用， 且仅通过策略接口与该对象进行交流。

2. 策略 （Strategy） 接口是所有具体策略的通用接口， 它声明了一个上下文用于执行策略的方法。

3. 具体策略 （Concrete Strategies） 实现了上下文所用算法的各种不同变体。

4. 当上下文需要运行算法时， 它会在其已连接的策略对象上调用执行方法。 上下文不清楚其所涉及的策略类型与算法的执行方式。

5. 客户端 （Client） 会创建一个特定策略对象并将其传递给上下文。 上下文则会提供一个设置器以便客户端在运行时替换相关联的策略。

实现方法：

1. 从上下文类中找出修改频率较高的算法
2. 声明该算法的所有变体的通用策略接口
3. 将算法逐一抽取到各自类中，它们都必须实现策略接口
4. 在上下文类中添加一个成员变量用于保存对于策略对象的引用。然后提供设置器以修改该成员变量。上下文仅可以通过策略接口同策略对象进行交互，如有需要还可以定义一个接口来让策略访问其数据。
5. 客户端必须将上下文类与相应的策略进行关联，使上下文可以预期的方法完成其主要工作。

C++算法示例：

/**
 * The Strategy interface declares operations common to all supported versions
 * of some algorithm.
 *
 * The Context uses this interface to call the algorithm defined by Concrete
 * Strategies.
 */
class Strategy
{
public:
    virtual ~Strategy() {}
    virtual std::string DoAlgorithm(const std::vector<std::string> &data) const = 0;
};

/**
 * The Context defines the interface of interest to clients.
 */

class Context
{
    /**
     * @var Strategy The Context maintains a reference to one of the Strategy
     * objects. The Context does not know the concrete class of a strategy. It
     * should work with all strategies via the Strategy interface.
     */
private:
    Strategy *strategy_;
    /**
     * Usually, the Context accepts a strategy through the constructor, but also
     * provides a setter to change it at runtime.
     */
public:
    Context(Strategy *strategy = nullptr) : strategy_(strategy)
    {
    }
    ~Context()
    {
        delete this->strategy_;
    }
    /**
     * Usually, the Context allows replacing a Strategy object at runtime.
     */
    void set_strategy(Strategy *strategy)
    {
        delete this->strategy_;
        this->strategy_ = strategy;
    }
    /**
     * The Context delegates some work to the Strategy object instead of
     * implementing +multiple versions of the algorithm on its own.
     */
    void DoSomeBusinessLogic() const
    {
        // ...
        std::cout << "Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)\n";
        std::string result = this->strategy_->DoAlgorithm(std::vector<std::string>{"a", "e", "c", "b", "d"});
        std::cout << result << "\n";
        // ...
    }
};

/**
 * Concrete Strategies implement the algorithm while following the base Strategy
 * interface. The interface makes them interchangeable in the Context.
 */
class ConcreteStrategyA : public Strategy
{
public:
    std::string DoAlgorithm(const std::vector<std::string> &data) const override
    {
        std::string result;
        std::for_each(std::begin(data), std::end(data), [&result](const std::string &letter) {
            result += letter;
        });
        std::sort(std::begin(result), std::end(result));

        return result;
    }
};
class ConcreteStrategyB : public Strategy
{
    std::string DoAlgorithm(const std::vector<std::string> &data) const override
    {
        std::string result;
        std::for_each(std::begin(data), std::end(data), [&result](const std::string &letter) {
            result += letter;
        });
        std::sort(std::begin(result), std::end(result));
        for (int i = 0; i < result.size() / 2; i++)
        {
            std::swap(result[i], result[result.size() - i - 1]);
        }

        return result;
    }
};
/**
 * The client code picks a concrete strategy and passes it to the context. The
 * client should be aware of the differences between strategies in order to make
 * the right choice.
 */

void ClientCode()
{
    Context *context = new Context(new ConcreteStrategyA);
    std::cout << "Client: Strategy is set to normal sorting.\n";
    context->DoSomeBusinessLogic();
    std::cout << "\n";
    std::cout << "Client: Strategy is set to reverse sorting.\n";
    context->set_strategy(new ConcreteStrategyB);
    context->DoSomeBusinessLogic();
    delete context;
}

int main()
{
    ClientCode();
    return 0;
}

执行结果：

Client: Strategy is set to normal sorting.
Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)
abcde

Client: Strategy is set to reverse sorting.
Context: Sorting data using the strategy (not sure how it'll do it)
edcba