文章目录
流程分析
-
Shader
- 从外部读取
- 生成程序
- 生成和编译Shader
- glCreateShader
- glShaderSource
- glCompileShader
- 检测是否编译成功并返回message
- 将编译的着色器附加到程序对象上
- 链接一个program对象
- 验证程序对象
- 清除shader对象
Vertex Array Object（VAO）
记住一点，Bind操作类似于PS的选中图层，Bind之后就可以对齐进行操作
Vertex Buffer Object（VBO）
简而言之，本质是一个内存字节数组，数据存入VBO（CPU执行），但最终的传入要在GPU VRAM上。显卡执行DrawCall时运行的代码就是Shader。
创建三角形首先要设置一个顶点缓冲对象，存入数据。
简要分析
生成VBO
unsigned int VBO,
//可以一次生成多个缓冲对象
//第一个参数指定生成的个数，第二个参数为无符号整形
//由于该函数无返回值，我们需要传入一个指针，其会为该无符号整形赋值为Id。
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
由于OpenGL是一个状态机工作，glGenBuffers分配了唯一标识符，它可以代表缓冲区，着色器，纹理等等。用该标识符去代表你所使用的对象。
//绑定缓冲区
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
一旦创建的VBO,就要绑定缓冲区。
下面是红宝书解释，但我还是喜欢用PS选择图层去理解
【红宝书】绑定对象的过程就像设置铁路的道岔开关，每一个缓冲类型（比如GL_ARRAY_BUFFER）中的各个缓冲对象（比如生成了多个缓冲对象，ID为：123，322，111）就像不同的轨道一样，我们将开关设置为其中一个的状态（比如绑定123为GL_ARRAY_BUFFER），那么之后的列车（针对GL_ARRAY_BUFFER的改动）都会驶入这条轨道（123缓冲对象）。
//指定数据
//第二个参数：分配大小
//第三个是参数：初始数据
//第四个参数：STREAM:修改一次只能使用几次STATIC:修改一次，能用很多次DYNAMIC:反复修改多次使用
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
解析顶点数据
//第一个参数：第一个属性
//第二个参数指定顶点属性的大小
//第三个参数指定数据的类型
//第四个参数:步长：顶点数据长度
//第五个数据：偏移：处理第某个数据时使用
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 2 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
//启动顶点数据
//顶点属性位置值
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
简而言之就是向OpenGL解释如何使用顶点数据
Shader （着色器）
本质：GPU如何处理数据
代码
Application.cpp
#include <glad/glad.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include <iostream>
#include<fstream>
#include<string>
#include<sstream>
//着色器结构体 （顶点/片元）
struct ShaderProgramSources
{
std::string VertexSource;
std::string FramentSource;
};
/// <summary>
/// 读取OpenShader并转成代码
/// </summary>
/// <param name="filepath"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
static ShaderProgramSources ParseShader(const std::string& filepath)
{
std::ifstream stream(filepath);
enum class ShaderType
{
NONE = -1,
VERTEX = 0,
FRSGMENT = 1,
};
std::string line;
std::stringstream ss[2];
ShaderType type = ShaderType::NONE;
while (getline(stream, line))
{
if (line.find("#shader") != std::string::npos)
{
if (line.find("vertex") != std::string::npos)
type = ShaderType::VERTEX;
else if (line.find("fragment") != std::string::npos)
type = ShaderType::FRSGMENT;
}
else
{
ss[(int)type] << line << '\n';
}
}
return { ss[0].str(),ss[1].str() };
}
static unsigned int CompileShader(unsigned int type, const std::string& source)
{
//1.创建一个着色器对象，返回ID
unsigned int id = glCreateShader(type);
//2.返回指向数据的指针
const char* src = source.c_str();
//3.着色器源码附加到着色器对象上;最后一个参数：这是一个指向包含字符串的每个相应元素的字符串长度的数组，如果length为NULL，则认为每个字符串都以null结尾，如果length不是NULL，则它指向包含字符串的每个相应元素的字符串长度的数组。
glShaderSource(id, 1, &src, nullptr);
glCompileShader(id);
int result;
glGetShaderiv(id, GL_COMPILE_STATUS, &result);
if (result == GL_FALSE)
{
int length;
glGetShaderiv(id, GL_INFO_LOG_LENGTH, &length);
char* message = (char*)alloca(length * sizeof(char));
glGetShaderInfoLog(id, length, &length, message);
std::cout << "编译失败" << (type == GL_VERTEX_SHADER ? "Vertex" : "Fragment") << std::endl;
std::cout << message << std::endl;
//编译失败则释放内存
glDeleteShader(id);
}
return id;
}
static int CreateShader(const std::string& vertexShader, const std::string& FragmentShader)
{
//创建一个程序
unsigned int program = glCreateProgram();
unsigned int vs = CompileShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vertexShader);
unsigned int fs = CompileShader(GL_FRAGMENT_SHADER, FragmentShader);
//将编译的着色器附加到程序对象上
glAttachShader(program, vs);
glAttachShader(program, fs);
//用于连接（或链接）一个program对象。
glLinkProgram(program);
//用于验证程序对象是否可以在当前的OpenGL状态下执行。
glValidateProgram(program);
//可清除可不清除
glDeleteShader(vs);
glDeleteShader(fs);
return program;
}
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height);
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window);
// settings
const unsigned int SCR_WIDTH = 800;
const unsigned int SCR_HEIGHT = 600;
int main()
{
// glfw: initialize and configure
// ------------------------------
glfwInit();
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 3);
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_PROFILE, GLFW_OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE);
#ifdef __APPLE__
glfwWindowHint(GLFW_OPENGL_FORWARD_COMPAT, GL_TRUE);
#endif
// glfw window creation
// --------------------
GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(SCR_WIDTH, SCR_HEIGHT, "LearnOpenGL", NULL, NULL);
if (window == NULL)
{
std::cout << "Failed to create GLFW window" << std::endl;
glfwTerminate();
return -1;
}
glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebuffer_size_callback);
// glad: load all OpenGL function pointers
// ---------------------------------------
if (!gladLoadGLLoader((GLADloadproc)glfwGetProcAddress))
{
std::cout << "Failed to initialize GLAD" << std::endl;
return -1;
}
ShaderProgramSources shaderProgramSources = ParseShader("res/shaders/Basic.shader");
std::cout << shaderProgramSources.VertexSource << std::endl;
std::cout << shaderProgramSources.FramentSource << std::endl;
unsigned int shaderProgram = CreateShader(shaderProgramSources.VertexSource, shaderProgramSources.FramentSource);
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
// set up vertex data (and buffer(s)) and configure vertex attributes
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
float vertices[] = {
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f, // 右上角
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 右下角
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, // 左下角
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f // 左上角
};
unsigned int indices[] = {
// 注意索引从0开始!
// 此例的索引(0,1,2,3)就是顶点数组vertices的下标，
// 这样可以由下标代表顶点组合成矩形
0, 1, 3, // 第一个三角形
1, 2, 3 // 第二个三角形
};
unsigned int VBO, VAO, EBO;
glGenVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glGenBuffers(1, &VBO);
glGenBuffers(1, &EBO);
// bind the Vertex Array Object first, then bind and set vertex buffer(s), and then configure vertex attributes(s).
glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, VBO);
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(vertices), vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, EBO);
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, sizeof(indices), indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 3 * sizeof(float), (void*)0);
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
// note that this is allowed, the call to glVertexAttribPointer registered VBO as the vertex attribute's bound vertex buffer object so afterwards we can safely unbind
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
// remember: do NOT unbind the EBO while a VAO is active as the bound element buffer object IS stored in the VAO; keep the EBO bound.
//glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
// You can unbind the VAO afterwards so other VAO calls won't accidentally modify this VAO, but this rarely happens. Modifying other
// VAOs requires a call to glBindVertexArray anyways so we generally don't unbind VAOs (nor VBOs) when it's not directly necessary.
//glBindVertexArray(0); 此处不能解绑，不然就需要在Loop里重新绑定
// uncomment this call to draw in wireframe polygons.
//glPolygonMode(GL_FRONT_AND_BACK, GL_LINE);
// render loop
// -----------
while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
{
// input
// -----
processInput(window);
// render
// ------
glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
// draw our first triangle
glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
//glBindVertexArray(VAO);
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, sizeof(indices) / sizeof(indices[0]), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
// glfw: swap buffers and poll IO events (keys pressed/released, mouse moved etc.)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwSwapBuffers(window);
glfwPollEvents();
}
// optional: de-allocate all resources once they've outlived their purpose:
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, &VAO);
glDeleteBuffers(1, &VBO);
glDeleteProgram(shaderProgram);
// glfw: terminate, clearing all previously allocated GLFW resources.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------
glfwTerminate();
return 0;
}
// process all input: query GLFW whether relevant keys are pressed/released this frame and react accordingly
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void processInput(GLFWwindow* window)
{
if (glfwGetKey(window, GLFW_KEY_ESCAPE) == GLFW_PRESS)
glfwSetWindowShouldClose(window, true);
}
// glfw: whenever the window size changed (by OS or user resize) this callback function executes
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void framebuffer_size_callback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height)
{
// make sure the viewport matches the new window dimensions; note that width and
// height will be significantly larger than specified on retina displays.
glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
}
Basic.shader
#shader vertex
#version 330 core
layout(location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
void main()
{
gl_Position = vec4(aPos.x, aPos.y, aPos.z, 1.0);
};
#shader fragment
#version 330 core
layout(location = 0) out vec4 FragColor;
void main()
{
FragColor = vec4(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f);
};
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