初试 API¶
让我们进入交互式 Python 命令行,尝试一下 Django 为你创建的各种 API。通过以下命令打开 Python 命令行:
...\> py manage.py shell
我们使用这个命令而不是简单的使用 "Python" 是因为 manage.py
会设置 DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE
环境变量,这个变量会让 Django 根据 mysite/settings.py
文件来设置 Python 包的导入路径。
当你成功进入命令行后,来试试 database API 吧:
>>> from polls.models import Choice, Question # Import the model classes we just wrote. # No questions are in the system yet. >>> Question.objects.all() <QuerySet []> # Create a new Question. # Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so # Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now() # instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing. >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now()) # Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly. >>> q.save() # Now it has an ID. >>> q.id 1 # Access model field values via Python attributes. >>> q.question_text "What's new?" >>> q.pub_date datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=<UTC>) # Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save(). >>> q.question_text = "What's up?" >>> q.save() # objects.all() displays all the questions in the database. >>> Question.objects.all() <QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]>
等等。<Question: Question object (1)>
对于我们了解这个对象的细节没什么帮助。让我们通过编辑 Question
模型的代码(位于 polls/models.py
中)来修复这个问题。给 Question
和 Choice
增加 __str__()
方法。
polls/models.py¶
from django.db import models class Question(models.Model): # ... def __str__(self): return self.question_text class Choice(models.Model): # ... def __str__(self): return self.choice_text
给模型增加 __str__()
方法是很重要的,这不仅仅能给你在命令行里使用带来方便,Django 自动生成的 admin 里也使用这个方法来表示对象。
注意:这些都是常规的 Python方法。让我们添加一个自定义的方法,这只是为了演示:
polls/models.py¶
import datetime from django.db import models from django.utils import timezone class Question(models.Model): # ... def was_published_recently(self): return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
新加入的 import datetime
和 from django.utils import timezone
分别导入了 Python 的标准 datetime
模块和 Django 中和时区相关的 django.utils.timezone
工具模块。如果你不太熟悉 Python 中的时区处理,看看 时区支持文档 吧。
保存文件然后通过 python manage.py shell
命令再次打开 Python 交互式命令行:
>>> from polls.models import Choice, Question # Make sure our __str__() addition worked. >>> Question.objects.all() <QuerySet [<Question: What's up?>]> # Django provides a rich database lookup API that's entirely driven by # keyword arguments. >>> Question.objects.filter(id=1) <QuerySet [<Question: What's up?>]> >>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='What') <QuerySet [<Question: What's up?>]> # Get the question that was published this year. >>> from django.utils import timezone >>> current_year = timezone.now().year >>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year) <Question: What's up?> # Request an ID that doesn't exist, this will raise an exception. >>> Question.objects.get(id=2) Traceback (most recent call last): ... DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist. # Lookup by a primary key is the most common case, so Django provides a # shortcut for primary-key exact lookups. # The following is identical to Question.objects.get(id=1). >>> Question.objects.get(pk=1) <Question: What's up?> # Make sure our custom method worked. >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) >>> q.was_published_recently() True # Give the Question a couple of Choices. The create call constructs a new # Choice object, does the INSERT statement, adds the choice to the set # of available choices and returns the new Choice object. Django creates # a set to hold the "other side" of a ForeignKey relation # (e.g. a question's choice) which can be accessed via the API. >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1) # Display any choices from the related object set -- none so far. >>> q.choice_set.all() <QuerySet []> # Create three choices. >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0) <Choice: Not much> >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0) <Choice: The sky> >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking again', votes=0) # Choice objects have API access to their related Question objects. >>> c.question <Question: What's up?> # And vice versa: Question objects get access to Choice objects. >>> q.choice_set.all() <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]> >>> q.choice_set.count() 3 # The API automatically follows relationships as far as you need. # Use double underscores to separate relationships. # This works as many levels deep as you want; there's no limit. # Find all Choices for any question whose pub_date is in this year # (reusing the 'current_year' variable we created above). >>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year) <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking again>]> # Let's delete one of the choices. Use delete() for that. >>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking') >>> c.delete()
阅读 访问关系对象 文档可以获取关于数据库关系的更多内容。想知道关于双下划线的更多用法,参见 查找字段 文档。数据库 API 的所有细节可以在 数据库 API 参考 文档中找到。