1.Tensor & numpy & Variable
#torch和numpy的互相转化: .numpy() .from_numpy()
np_data = np.arange(6).reshape((2,3))
torch_data = torch.from_numpy(np_data)
tensor2array = torch_data.numpy()
print(
'\nnumpy:',np_data,
'\ntorch:',torch_data,
'\ntensor2array:',tensor2array
)
#运算符:abs
data = [-1,-2,1,2]
tensor = torch.FloatTensor(data) #32bit
print(
'\nabs:',
'\nnumpy:',np.abs(data),
'\ntorch:',torch.abs(tensor)
)
#运算符:sin
print(
'\nsin:',
'\nnumpy:',np.sin(data),
'\ntorch:',torch.sin(tensor)
)
#运算符:mean
print(
'\nmean:',
'\nnumpy:',np.mean(data),
'\ntorch:',torch.mean(tensor)
)
#矩阵运算
data = [[1,2],[3,4]]
tensor = torch.FloatTensor(data) #32bit
print(
'\n矩阵相乘:', #Matrix Mutiply
'\nnumpy:',np.matmul(data,data),
'\ntorch:',torch.mm(tensor,tensor)
)
'''
Tips:
numpy矩阵相乘的另外一种方式:
data = np.array(data)
print(data.dot(data))
但是在torch里面这样做结果就不一样啦:
print('torch:',tensor.dot(tensor))
输出结果是30.0
因为1*1+2*2+3*3+4*4=30
'''
#Variable变量:tensor不能反向传播,但variable可以
var = Variable(tensor,requires_grad=True)
print('tensoe:\n',tensor)
print('Variable:\n',var)
t_out = torch.mean(tensor*tensor) #x^2
v_out = torch.mean(var*var)
print('tensor mean:\n',t_out)
print('Variable mean:\n',v_out)
v_out.backward() #backward propagation
print('variable grad:\n',var.grad)
#因为v_out包含var,v_out = 1/4 * sum(var * var)
#d(v_out)/d(var) = 1/4 * 2 * var = 1/2 * var
#print(var.data)
#print(var.data.numpy())
2.激励函数 Activation Function
#Activation Function:
x = torch.linspace(-5,5,200) #-5~5之间取200个点
x = Variable(x)
x_np = x.data.numpy() #torch的数据格式不能被matplotlib识别,需要转化成numpy
y_relu = F.relu(x).data.numpy()
y_sigmoid = F.sigmoid(x).data.numpy()
y_tanh = F.tanh(x).data.numpy()
y_softplus = F.softplus(x).data.numpy()
#softmax计算的是分类问题的概率,对于线图无法做出
plt.figure(1,figsize=(8,6))
plt.subplot(221)
plt.plot(x_np,y_relu,c='red',label='relu')
plt.ylim((-1,5))
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.subplot(222)
plt.plot(x_np,y_sigmoid,c='red',label='sigmoid')
plt.ylim((-0.2,1.2))
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.subplot(223)
plt.plot(x_np,y_tanh,c='red',label='tanh')
plt.ylim((-1.2,1.2))
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.subplot(224)
plt.plot(x_np,y_softplus,c='red',label='softplus')
plt.ylim((-0.2,6))
plt.legend(loc='best')
3.Regression回归 & Classification分类
#Regression
x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, 100), dim=1)
# x data (tensor), shape=(100, 1)
#将linespace的一维处理成二维,这样才能被torch处理
y = x.pow(2) + 0.2*torch.rand(x.size())
# noisy y data (tensor), shape=(100, 1)
# x^2 + noise
# torch can only train on Variable, so convert them to Variable
x, y = Variable(x), Variable(y)
#plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy()) #打印散点图
#plt.show()
#Define My Neural Network:
class Net(torch.nn.Module):
#initialization
def __init__(self, n_feature, n_hidden, n_output):
super(Net, self).__init__() #继承(官方步骤)
self.hidden = torch.nn.Linear(n_feature, n_hidden) # hidden layer
self.predict = torch.nn.Linear(n_hidden, n_output) # output layer
#forward propagation:input->Linear->ReLU->Linear->output
def forward(self, x):
x = F.relu(self.hidden(x)) # activation function for hidden layer
x = self.predict(x) # linear output
return x
#net的实现:
net = Net(n_feature=1, n_hidden=10, n_output=1) # define the network
print(net) # net architecture
#net的优化:
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.5) #随机梯度下降优化
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss() # 损失函数: mean squared loss ,MSE 均方差
plt.ion() # something about plotting
for t in range(100): #训练步数:100
prediction = net(x) # input x and predict based on x
loss = loss_func(prediction, y) # must be (1. nn output, 2. target)
optimizer.zero_grad() # clear gradients for next train
loss.backward() # backpropagation, compute gradients
optimizer.step() # apply and optimize gradients
if t % 5 == 0:
# plot and show learning process
plt.cla()
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy())
plt.plot(x.data.numpy(), prediction.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=5)
plt.text(0.5, 0, 'Loss=%.4f' % loss.data[0], fontdict={'size': 20, 'color': 'red'})
plt.pause(0.5)
plt.ioff()
plt.show()
#Classification :
torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible 设定生成随机数的种子,返回一个 torch._C.Generator 对象.
# make fake data
n_data = torch.ones(100, 2)
#class 0 :
x0 = torch.normal(2*n_data, 1) # class0 x data (tensor), shape=(100, 2)
y0 = torch.zeros(100) # class0 y data (tensor), shape=(100, 1)
#class 1 :
x1 = torch.normal(-2*n_data, 1) # class1 x data (tensor), shape=(100, 2)
y1 = torch.ones(100) # class1 y data (tensor), shape=(100, 1)
#两类数据分别以(2,2)、(-2,-2)为中心正态分布,标签分别为0和1
#需要修改到torch可以运行的数据形式
x = torch.cat((x0, x1), 0).type(torch.FloatTensor) # shape (200, 2) FloatTensor = 32-bit floating
y = torch.cat((y0, y1), ).type(torch.LongTensor) # shape (200,) LongTensor = 64-bit integer
# torch can only train on Variable, so convert them to Variable
x, y = Variable(x), Variable(y)
#plt.scatter(x.data.numpy()[:, 0], x.data.numpy()[:, 1], c=y.data.numpy(), s=100, lw=0, cmap='RdYlGn')
#plt.show()
#Define My Neural Network:
class Net(torch.nn.Module):
def __init__(self, n_feature, n_hidden, n_output):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.hidden = torch.nn.Linear(n_feature, n_hidden) # hidden layer
self.out = torch.nn.Linear(n_hidden, n_output) # output layer
def forward(self, x):
x = F.relu(self.hidden(x)) # activation function for hidden layer
x = self.out(x)
return x
net = Net(n_feature=2, n_hidden=10, n_output=2) # define the network
#二分类输出属于每一类的概率,例如[1,0]表示是第一类,[0,1]表示是第二类
print(net) # net architecture
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.02)
loss_func = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss() # the target label is NOT an one-hotted
plt.ion() # something about plotting
#Train:
for t in range(100):
out = net(x) # input x and predict based on x
loss = loss_func(out, y) # must be (1. nn output, 2. target), the target label is NOT one-hotted
optimizer.zero_grad() # clear gradients for next train
loss.backward() # backpropagation, compute gradients
optimizer.step() # apply and optimize gradients
if t % 2 == 0:
# plot and show learning process
plt.cla()
prediction = torch.max(F.softmax(out), 1)[1] #因为输出的是每一类的可能,所以用softmax转换成概率,然后取最大
pred_y = prediction.data.numpy().squeeze()
target_y = y.data.numpy()
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy()[:, 0], x.data.numpy()[:, 1], c=pred_y, s=100, lw=0, cmap='RdYlGn')
accuracy = sum(pred_y == target_y)/200.
plt.text(1.5, -4, 'Accuracy=%.2f' % accuracy, fontdict={'size': 20, 'color': 'red'})
plt.pause(1.0)
plt.ioff()
plt.show()
快速定义网络:
import numpy as np
import torch
from torch.autograd import Variable
#import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# replace following class code with an easy sequential network
#Method 1:定义类的方法
class Net(torch.nn.Module):
def __init__(self, n_feature, n_hidden, n_output):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.hidden = torch.nn.Linear(n_feature, n_hidden) # hidden layer
self.predict = torch.nn.Linear(n_hidden, n_output) # output layer
def forward(self, x):
x = F.relu(self.hidden(x)) # activation function for hidden layer
x = self.predict(x) # linear output
return x
net1 = Net(1, 10, 1)
# easy and fast way to build your network
#Method 2:
net2 = torch.nn.Sequential(
torch.nn.Linear(1, 10),
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(10, 1)
)
#2种方法是等价的,只不过在print的时候输出有所不同
print(net1) # net1 architecture
"""
Net (
(hidden): Linear (1 -> 10)
(predict): Linear (10 -> 1)
)
"""
print(net2) # net2 architecture
"""
Sequential (
(0): Linear (1 -> 10)
(1): ReLU ()
(2): Linear (10 -> 1)
)
"""
神经网络的储存和提取:
torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible
# fake data
x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, 100), dim=1) # x data (tensor), shape=(100, 1)
y = x.pow(2) + 0.2*torch.rand(x.size()) # noisy y data (tensor), shape=(100, 1)
x, y = Variable(x, requires_grad=False), Variable(y, requires_grad=False)
def save():
# save net1
net1 = torch.nn.Sequential(
torch.nn.Linear(1, 10),
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(10, 1)
)
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net1.parameters(), lr=0.5)
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss()
for t in range(100):
prediction = net1(x)
loss = loss_func(prediction, y)
optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
# plot result
plt.figure(1, figsize=(10, 3))
plt.subplot(131)
plt.title('Net1')
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy())
plt.plot(x.data.numpy(), prediction.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=5)
# 2 ways to save the net
torch.save(net1, 'net.pkl') # save entire net
torch.save(net1.state_dict(), 'net_params.pkl') # save only the parameters
def restore_net():
# restore entire net1 to net2
net2 = torch.load('net.pkl') #提取整个网络
prediction = net2(x)
# plot result
plt.subplot(132)
plt.title('Net2')
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy())
plt.plot(x.data.numpy(), prediction.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=5)
def restore_params():
# restore only the parameters in net1 to net3
net3 = torch.nn.Sequential(
torch.nn.Linear(1, 10),
torch.nn.ReLU(),
torch.nn.Linear(10, 1)
)
# copy net1's parameters into net3
#首先要建立一个和net1一样结构的网络,才能成功提取它的参数
net3.load_state_dict(torch.load('net_params.pkl'))
prediction = net3(x)
# plot result
plt.subplot(133)
plt.title('Net3')
plt.scatter(x.data.numpy(), y.data.numpy())
plt.plot(x.data.numpy(), prediction.data.numpy(), 'r-', lw=5)
plt.show()
# save net1
save()
# restore entire net (may slow)
restore_net()
# restore only the net parameters
restore_params()
#据说提取参数的方法会比提取整个网络快一点
批数据训练:
import torch
import torch.utils.data as Data
torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible
BATCH_SIZE = 5
# BATCH_SIZE = 8 如果取8但总共数据集只有10个点,则第一个batch8个,第二个2个
x = torch.linspace(1, 10, 10) # this is x data (torch tensor)
y = torch.linspace(10, 1, 10) # this is y data (torch tensor)
torch_dataset = Data.TensorDataset(data_tensor=x, target_tensor=y)
#将数据分批
#shuffile如果不定义的话(即DataLoader的()内为空),则默认按顺序提取batch数据
#shuffile为True则会打乱顺序进行提取
#num_workers定义每次提取batch用的线程数
loader = Data.DataLoader(
dataset=torch_dataset, # torch TensorDataset format
batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, # mini batch size
shuffle=True, # random shuffle for training
num_workers=2, # subprocesses for loading data
)
#epoch:表示一个批处理周期,在这个周期内,
#将数据分成batch_size的大小,全部训练完毕为一个epoch
for epoch in range(3): # train entire dataset 3 times
for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(loader): # for each training step
# train your data...
print('Epoch: ', epoch, '| Step: ', step, '| batch x: ',
batch_x.numpy(), '| batch y: ', batch_y.numpy())
4.Optimizer
import torch
import torch.utils.data as Data
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.autograd import Variable
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
torch.manual_seed(1) # reproducible
#一些超参数,常用全大写的变量来命名
LR = 0.01
BATCH_SIZE = 32
EPOCH = 12
# fake dataset
x = torch.unsqueeze(torch.linspace(-1, 1, 1000), dim=1)
y = x.pow(2) + 0.1*torch.normal(torch.zeros(*x.size()))
# plot dataset
#plt.scatter(x.numpy(), y.numpy())
#plt.show()
# put dateset into torch dataset
torch_dataset = Data.TensorDataset(data_tensor=x, target_tensor=y)
loader = Data.DataLoader(dataset=torch_dataset, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE, shuffle=True) #这里本来还有个参数,但是不知道为什么一加上这个程序就运行不了
# default network
class Net(torch.nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.hidden = torch.nn.Linear(1, 20) # hidden layer
self.predict = torch.nn.Linear(20, 1) # output layer
def forward(self, x):
x = F.relu(self.hidden(x)) # activation function for hidden layer
x = self.predict(x) # linear output
return x
# different nets
net_SGD = Net()
net_Momentum = Net()
net_RMSprop = Net()
net_Adam = Net()
#将4个神经网络定义在一个list中,以便之后在for循环中循环训练
nets = [net_SGD, net_Momentum, net_RMSprop, net_Adam]
# different optimizers
opt_SGD = torch.optim.SGD(net_SGD.parameters(), lr=LR)
opt_Momentum = torch.optim.SGD(net_Momentum.parameters(), lr=LR, momentum=0.8)
opt_RMSprop = torch.optim.RMSprop(net_RMSprop.parameters(), lr=LR, alpha=0.9)
opt_Adam = torch.optim.Adam(net_Adam.parameters(), lr=LR, betas=(0.9, 0.99))
optimizers = [opt_SGD, opt_Momentum, opt_RMSprop, opt_Adam]
loss_func = torch.nn.MSELoss()
losses_his = [[], [], [], []] # record loss
# training
for epoch in range(EPOCH):
print('Epoch: ', epoch)
for step, (batch_x, batch_y) in enumerate(loader): # for each training step
#此前的类型是tensor,需要封装在Variable中才能被nn处理
b_x = Variable(batch_x)
b_y = Variable(batch_y)
for net, opt, l_his in zip(nets, optimizers, losses_his):
output = net(b_x) # get output for every net
loss = loss_func(output, b_y) # compute loss for every net
opt.zero_grad() # clear gradients for next train
loss.backward() # backpropagation, compute gradients
opt.step() # apply gradients
l_his.append(loss.data[0]) # loss recoder
labels = ['SGD', 'Momentum', 'RMSprop', 'Adam']
for i, l_his in enumerate(losses_his):
plt.plot(l_his, label=labels[i])
plt.legend(loc='best')
plt.xlabel('Steps')
plt.ylabel('Loss')
plt.ylim((0, 0.2))
plt.show()