Merriam-Webster's Vocabulary Builder 学习笔记 Unit 5

本文解析了一系列英语词汇，包括但不限于前缀、后缀、词根及其派生词汇的意义，并提供了丰富的例子帮助理解各种词汇的含义和使用场景。

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Unit 5

[mal-]:"bad"
- malady：疾病；弊病
- malpractice：渎职
- malodorous：难闻的
- malefactor：犯罪分子
- malevolent：有坏心肠的；有恶意的
  - Having or showing intense ill will or hatred.
- malicious：恶毒的（小的）
  - Desiring to cause pain, injury, or distress to another.
    - malice：怨恨；（犯罪或伤人）有恶意预谋的
- malign：（公开的）诽谤；有害的，不良的
  - To make harsh and often false or misleading statements about.
    - defame：to harm sb by saying or writing bad or false things about them
    - slander（口头的）
    - libel：（以文字进行的）诽谤（罪）
    - malign tumor：恶性肿瘤
- malnourished：营养不良的
  - Badly or poorly nourished.
[cata-]:"down"
- catalogue：目录
- catapult：弹射器；弹弓，石弩
- cataclysm：大地的裂变；大灾难 -clysm：冲洗，流
  - (1) A violent and massive change of the earth's surface. (2) A momentous event that results in great upheaval and often destruction.
    - cataclysmic：灾难性的；引起巨大变化的
    - catastrophe：大灾难
- catacomb：地下墓穴
  - An underground cemetery of connecting passageways with recesses for tombs.
- catalyst：催化剂；诱因，诱导者
  - (1) A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction or lets it take place under different conditions. (2) Someone or something that brings about or speeds significant change or action.
    - catalytic：(化学物质)起催化作用的，有催化性的
- catatonic：紧张症的；毫无知觉的，呆若木鸡的
  - (1) Relating to or suffering from a form of schizophrenia. (2) Showing an unusual lack of movement, activity, or expression.
[prot-/proto-]:"first in time" or "first formed"
- protozoa：原生动物（简称原虫。由单细胞所组成，异养生活，能够运动）
- proton：质子
- protoplanet：源行星
- protagonist：主角
  - The main character in a literary work.
- protocol：(外交条约的)草案；（信息交换）协议；外交礼节
  - (1) A code of diplomatic or military rules of behavior. (2) A set of rules for the formatting of data in an electronic communications system.
- protoplasm：原生质
  - The substance that makes up the living parts of cells.

原生质并非单一的某种或某些化合物，而是由多种化合物所组成的复杂的胶体，这种胶体具有不断自我更新能力，成为一种生命物质的体系。原生质包括细胞质与细胞核；而细胞壁则不属于原生质。

cytoplasm：细胞质

prototype：原型机，样机；样品；典范
- (1) An original model on which something is patterned. (2) A first, full-scale, usually working version of a new type or design.

[ante-]:"before" or "in front of"
- antediluvian：(《圣经》上说的)大洪水以前的；非常古老的（dilute）
- antebellum
- antechamber：前厅，休息室
  - An outer room that leads to another and is often used as a waiting room.
    - anteroom：接待室，前厅
- antedate：n. 比实际提前的日期；vt. 先于
  - (1) To date something (such as a check) with a date earlier than that of actual writing. (2) To precede in time.
- antecedent：先行词；先例；先前的；祖先
  - (1) A word or phrase that is referred to by a pronoun that follows it. (2) An event or cause coming before something.
- anterior：（身体）前部的；先前的
  - (1) Located before or toward the front or head. (2) Coming before in time or development.
[ortho-]:"straight" or "right" or "true"
- orthotics：矫正术
- orthograde：直立行走的
- orthodontics：牙齿矫正
  - A branch of dentistry that deals with the treatment and correction of crooked teeth and other irregularities.
- orthodox：正统的；传统的
  - (1) Holding established beliefs, especially in religion. (2) Conforming to established rules or traditions; conventional.
- orthopedics：矫形术
  - The correction or prevention of deformities of the skeleton.
    - orthopedist：整形外科医师
- orthography：文字正确拼写法
  - The spelling of words, especially spelling according to standard usage.
[rect-]:"straight" or "right"
- correct
- rectangle：矩形
- rectus：直肌
- rectitude：正直
  - Moral integrity.
- rectify：纠正
  - To set right; remedy.
- rectilinear：直线的；有直线的
  - (1) Moving in or forming a straight line. (2) Having many straight lines.
- directive：指令；官方指示
  - Something that guides or directs; especially, a general instruction from a high-level body or official.
[eu-]:"well" , "good or true"
- euthanasia：安乐死
  - A veterinarian who performs euthanasia is providing a very sick or hopelessly injured animal a "good" or easy death.
- eugenic：优生学的
  - Relating to or fitted for the production of good offspring through controlled breeding.
- euphemism：委婉语
  - An agreeable or inoffensive word or expression that is substituted for one that may offend or disgust.
- euphoria：极度愉快的心情
  - A strong feeling of well-being or happiness.
- eulogy ：悼词；颂词
  - (1) A formal speech or writing especially in honor of a dead person. (2) High praise.
[dys-]:"bad" or "difficult"
- dysphagia：吞咽困难
- dyspnea：呼吸困难
- dysphasia：言语障碍症
- dystopia：反乌托邦，地狱般的处境
  - An imaginary place where people lead dehumanized and often fearful lives.
- dyslexia：阅读困难
  - A disturbance or interference with the ability to read or to use language.
    - dyslexic：阅读困难的
- dyspeptic：消化不良的;脾气暴躁的，脾气坏的
  - (1) Relating to or suffering from indigestion. (2) Having an irritable temperament; ill-humored.
    - dyspepsia：消化不良
- dysplasia：发育异常;发育不良,(由发育异常形成的)异常结构
  - Abnormal development of cells or organs, or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth.
Latin Borrowings
- a fortiori：理由更充分
  - All the more certainly.
- a posteriori：从事实推断原因；由果及因
  - Relating to or derived by reasoning from known or observed facts.
- a priori：由因及果的；演绎的；推理的
  - Relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions.
- bona fide：真诚的；真实的；合法的
  - (1) Made in good faith, without deceit. (2) Authentic or genuine.
- carpe diem：抓住机遇
  - Enjoy the pleasures or opportunities of the moment without concern about the future.
- caveat emptor：[商]顾客留心（一经出售概不负责）
  - Let the buyer beware.
- corpus delicti：犯罪事实
  - (1) The substantial and basic fact or facts necessary to prove that a crime has been committed. (2) The material substance, such as the murdered body, on which a crime has been committed.
- curriculum vitae：工作履历；（求职用的）履历，简历
  - A short summary of one's career and qualifications, typically prepared by an applicant for a position; résumé.