范函变分
范函变分的定义
设 F ( x , y ( x ) , y ′ ( x ) ) \mathrm{F}\left(\mathrm{x}, \mathrm{y}(\mathrm{x}), \mathrm{y}^{\prime}(\mathrm{x})\right) F(x,y(x),y′(x))是三个独立变量 x , y ( x ) , y ′ ( x ) x, y(x), y^{\prime}(x) x,y(x),y′(x)在区间 [ x 0 , x 1 ] \left[x_{0}, x_{1}\right] [x0,x1]上的已知函数,且二阶连续可微,其中 y ( x ) y(x) y(x)和 y ′ ( x ) y^{\prime}(x) y′(x)是x的未知函数,则范函 J [ y ( x ) ] = ∫ x 0 x 1 F ( x , y ( x ) , y ′ ( x ) ) d x J[y(x)]=\int_{x_{0}}^{x_{1}} F\left(x, y(x), y^{\prime}(x)\right)dx J[y(x)]=∫x0x1F(x,y(x),y′(x))dx被称为最简范函,被积函数F称为范函的核.
在 y = y ( x ) y=y(x) y=y(x)的一阶邻域内.任取一曲线 y = y 1 ( x ) y=y_{1}(x) y=y1(x),则: δ y = y 1 ( x ) − y ( x ) , δ y ′ = y 1 ′ ( x ) − y ′ ( x ) \delta y=y_{1}(x)-y(x), \delta y^{\prime}=y_{1}^{\prime}(x)-y^{\prime}(x) δy=y1(x)−y(x),δy′=y1′(x)−y′(x)由泰勒展开式,最简范函 J [ y ( x ) ] J[y(x)] J[y(x)]的增量为: Δ J = J [ y 1 ( x ) ] − J [ y ( x ) ] = J [ y ( x ) + δ y ] − J [ y ( x ) ] = ∫ x 0 x 1 F ( x , y + δ y , y ′ + δ y ′ ) d x − ∫ x 0 x 1 F ( x , y , y ′ ) d x = ∫ x 0 x 1 [ F ( x , y + δ y , y ′ + δ y ′ ) − F ( x , y , y ′ ) ] d x = ∫ x 0 x 1 ( F y δ y + F y ′ δ y ′ ) d x + ⋯ + ∫ x 0 x 1 [ ( δ y ∂ ∂ y + δ y ′ ∂ ∂ y ′ ) n F ] d x + R n \begin{aligned} \Delta J &=J\left[y_{1}(x)\right]-J[y(x)]=J[y(x)+\delta y]-J[y(x)] \\ &=\int_{x_{0}}^{x_{1}} F\left(x, y+\delta y, y^{\prime}+\delta y^{\prime}\right) d x-\int_{x_{0}}^{x_{1}} F\left(x, y, y^{\prime}\right) d x \\ &=\int_{x_{0}}^{x_{1}}\left[F\left(x, y+\delta y, y^{\prime}+\delta y^{\prime}\right)-F\left(x, y, y^{\prime}\right)\right] d x \\ &=\int_{x_{0}}^{x_{1}}\left(F_{y} \delta y+F_{y^{\prime}} \delta y^{\prime}\right) d x+\cdots+\int_{x_{0}}^{x_{1}}\left[\left(\delta y \frac{\partial}{\partial y}+\delta y^{\prime} \frac{\partial}{\partial y^{\prime}}\right)^{n} F\right] d x+R_{n} \end{aligned} ΔJ=J[y1(x)]−J[y