RocketMQ的顺序消息消费保证了同一队列中的消息顺序，通过消费者在Broker上锁定消息队列实现。消息消费包括队列负载、消息拉取、消费和进度存储四个步骤。在负载均衡时，消费者尝试锁定消息队列并创建拉取任务。拉取消息时，根据阈值控制消息消费速率。消息消费时，顺序消息需先锁定队列，然后按顺序消费。整个过程涉及队列锁定、流控和进度管理，确保消息严格有序。
顺序消息
RocketMQ支持局部消息顺序消费，可以确保同一个消息消费队列中的消息被顺序消费，如果需要做到全局顺序消费则可以将主题配置成一个队列，例如数据库BinLog等要求严格顺序的场景。根据并发消息消费的流程，消息消费包含如下4个步骤：消息队列负载、消息拉取、消息消费、消息消费进度存储。
消息队列负载
RocketMQ首先需要通过RebalanceService线程实现消息队列的负载，集群模式下同一个消费组内的消费者共同承担其订阅主题下消息队列的消费，同一个消息消费队列在同一时刻只会被消费组内一个消费者消费，一个消费者同一时刻可以分配多个消费队列。
List<PullRequest> pullRequestList = new ArrayList<PullRequest>();
for (MessageQueue mq : mqSet) {
if (!this.processQueueTable.containsKey(mq)) {
if (isOrder && !this.lock(mq)) {
log.warn("doRebalance, {}, add a new mq failed, {}, because lock failed", consumerGroup, mq);
continue;
}
this.removeDirtyOffset(mq);
ProcessQueue pq = new ProcessQueue();
long nextOffset = this.computePullFromWhere(mq);
if (nextOffset >= 0) {
ProcessQueue pre = this.processQueueTable.putIfAbsent(mq, pq);
if (pre != null) {
log.info("doRebalance, {}, mq already exists, {}", consumerGroup, mq);
} else {
log.info("doRebalance, {}, add a new mq, {}", consumerGroup, mq);
PullRequest pullRequest = new PullRequest();
pullRequest.setConsumerGroup(consumerGroup);
pullRequest.setNextOffset(nextOffset);
pullRequest.setMessageQueue(mq);
pullRequest.setProcessQueue(pq);
pullRequestList.add(pullRequest);
changed = true;
}
} else {
log.warn("doRebalance, {}, add new mq failed, {}", consumerGroup, mq);
}
}
}如果经过消息队列重新负载（分配）后，分配到新的消息队列时，首先需要尝试向Broker发起锁定该消息队列的请求，如果返回加锁成功则创建该消息队列的拉取任务，否则将跳过，等待其他消费者释放该消息队列的锁，然后在下一次队列重新负载时再尝试加锁。
顺序消息消费与并发消息消费的第一个关键区别：顺序消息在创建消息队列拉取任务时需要在Broker服务器锁定该消息队列。
消息拉取
RocketMQ消息拉取由PullMessageService线程负责，根据消息拉取任务循环拉取消息。
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl#pullMessage
public void pullMessage(final PullRequest pullRequest) {
final ProcessQueue processQueue = pullRequest.getProcessQueue();
if (processQueue.isDropped()) {
log.info("the pull request[{}] is dropped.", pullRequest.toString());
return;
}
pullRequest.getProcessQueue().setLastPullTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis());
try {
this.makeSureStateOK();
} catch (MQClientException e) {
log.warn("pullMessage exception, consumer state not ok", e);
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, pullTimeDelayMillsWhenException);
return;
}
if (this.isPause()) {
log.warn("consumer was paused, execute pull request later. instanceName={}, group={}", this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getInstanceName(), this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getConsumerGroup());
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, PULL_TIME_DELAY_MILLS_WHEN_SUSPEND);
return;
}
long cachedMessageCount = processQueue.getMsgCount().get();
long cachedMessageSizeInMiB = processQueue.getMsgSize().get() / (1024 * 1024);
if (cachedMessageCount > this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullThresholdForQueue()) {
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, PULL_TIME_DELAY_MILLS_WHEN_FLOW_CONTROL);
if ((queueFlowControlTimes++ % 1000) == 0) {
log.warn(
"the cached message count exceeds the threshold {}, so do flow control, minOffset={}, maxOffset={}, count={}, size={} MiB, pullRequest={}, flowControlTimes={}",
this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullThresholdForQueue(), processQueue.getMsgTreeMap().firstKey(), processQueue.getMsgTreeMap().lastKey(), cachedMessageCount, cachedMessageSizeInMiB, pullRequest, queueFlowControlTimes);
}
return;
}
if (cachedMessageSizeInMiB > this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullThresholdSizeForQueue()) {
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, PULL_TIME_DELAY_MILLS_WHEN_FLOW_CONTROL);
if ((queueFlowControlTimes++ % 1000) == 0) {
log.warn(
"the cached message size exceeds the threshold {} MiB, so do flow control, minOffset={}, maxOffset={}, count={}, size={} MiB, pullRequest={}, flowControlTimes={}",
this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullThresholdSizeForQueue(), processQueue.getMsgTreeMap().firstKey(), processQueue.getMsgTreeMap().lastKey(), cachedMessageCount, cachedMessageSizeInMiB, pullRequest, queueFlowControlTimes);
}
return;
}
if (!this.consumeOrderly) {
if (processQueue.getMaxSpan() > this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getConsumeConcurrentlyMaxSpan()) {
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, PULL_TIME_DELAY_MILLS_WHEN_FLOW_CONTROL);
if ((queueMaxSpanFlowControlTimes++ % 1000) == 0) {
log.warn(
"the queue's messages, span too long, so do flow control, minOffset={}, maxOffset={}, maxSpan={}, pullRequest={}, flowControlTimes={}",
processQueue.getMsgTreeMap().firstKey(), processQueue.getMsgTreeMap().lastKey(), processQueue.getMaxSpan(),
pullRequest, queueMaxSpanFlowControlTimes);
}
return;
}
} else {
if (processQueue.isLocked()) {
if (!pullRequest.isLockedFirst()) {
final long offset = this.rebalanceImpl.computePullFromWhere(pullRequest.getMessageQueue());
boolean brokerBusy = offset < pullRequest.getNextOffset();
log.info("the first time to pull message, so fix offset from broker. pullRequest: {} NewOffset: {} brokerBusy: {}",
pullRequest, offset, brokerBusy);
if (brokerBusy) {
log.info("[NOTIFYME]the first time to pull message, but pull request offset larger than broker consume offset. pullRequest: {} NewOffset: {}",
pullRequest, offset);
}
pullRequest.setLockedFirst(true);
pullRequest.setNextOffset(offset);
}
} else {
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, pullTimeDelayMillsWhenException);
log.info("pull message later because not locked in broker, {}", pullRequest);
return;
}
}
final SubscriptionData subscriptionData = this.rebalanceImpl.getSubscriptionInner().get(pullRequest.getMessageQueue().getTopic());
if (null == subscriptionData) {
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, pullTimeDelayMillsWhenException);
log.warn("find the consumer's subscription failed, {}", pullRequest);
return;
}
final long beginTimestamp = System.currentTimeMillis();
PullCallback pullCallback = new PullCallback() {
@Override
public void onSuccess(PullResult pullResult) {
if (pullResult != null) {
pullResult = DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.pullAPIWrapper.processPullResult(pullRequest.getMessageQueue(), pullResult,
subscriptionData);
switch (pullResult.getPullStatus()) {
case FOUND:
long prevRequestOffset = pullRequest.getNextOffset();
pullRequest.setNextOffset(pullResult.getNextBeginOffset());
long pullRT = System.currentTimeMillis() - beginTimestamp;
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.getConsumerStatsManager().incPullRT(pullRequest.getConsumerGroup(),
pullRequest.getMessageQueue().getTopic(), pullRT);
long firstMsgOffset = Long.MAX_VALUE;
if (pullResult.getMsgFoundList() == null || pullResult.getMsgFoundList().isEmpty()) {
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.executePullRequestImmediately(pullRequest);
} else {
firstMsgOffset = pullResult.getMsgFoundList().get(0).getQueueOffset();
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.getConsumerStatsManager().incPullTPS(pullRequest.getConsumerGroup(),
pullRequest.getMessageQueue().getTopic(), pullResult.getMsgFoundList().size());
boolean dispatchToConsume = processQueue.putMessage(pullResult.getMsgFoundList());
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.consumeMessageService.submitConsumeRequest(
pullResult.getMsgFoundList(),
processQueue,
pullRequest.getMessageQueue(),
dispatchToConsume);
if (DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullInterval() > 0) {
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest,
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullInterval());
} else {
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.executePullRequestImmediately(pullRequest);
}
}
if (pullResult.getNextBeginOffset() < prevRequestOffset
|| firstMsgOffset < prevRequestOffset) {
log.warn(
"[BUG] pull message result maybe data wrong, nextBeginOffset: {} firstMsgOffset: {} prevRequestOffset: {}",
pullResult.getNextBeginOffset(),
firstMsgOffset,
prevRequestOffset);
}
break;
case NO_NEW_MSG:
case NO_MATCHED_MSG:
pullRequest.setNextOffset(pullResult.getNextBeginOffset());
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.correctTagsOffset(pullRequest);
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.executePullRequestImmediately(pullRequest);
break;
case OFFSET_ILLEGAL:
log.warn("the pull request offset illegal, {} {}",
pullRequest.toString(), pullResult.toString());
pullRequest.setNextOffset(pullResult.getNextBeginOffset());
pullRequest.getProcessQueue().setDropped(true);
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.executeTaskLater(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.offsetStore.updateOffset(pullRequest.getMessageQueue(),
pullRequest.getNextOffset(), false);
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.offsetStore.persist(pullRequest.getMessageQueue());
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.rebalanceImpl.removeProcessQueue(pullRequest.getMessageQueue());
log.warn("fix the pull request offset, {}", pullRequest);
} catch (Throwable e) {
log.error("executeTaskLater Exception", e);
}
}
}, 10000);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
}
@Override
public void onException(Throwable e) {
if (!pullRequest.getMessageQueue().getTopic().startsWith(MixAll.RETRY_GROUP_TOPIC_PREFIX)) {
log.warn("execute the pull request exception", e);
}
DefaultMQPushConsumerImpl.this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, pullTimeDelayMillsWhenException);
}
};
boolean commitOffsetEnable = false;
long commitOffsetValue = 0L;
if (MessageModel.CLUSTERING == this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getMessageModel()) {
commitOffsetValue = this.offsetStore.readOffset(pullRequest.getMessageQueue(), ReadOffsetType.READ_FROM_MEMORY);
if (commitOffsetValue > 0) {
commitOffsetEnable = true;
}
}
String subExpression = null;
boolean classFilter = false;
SubscriptionData sd = this.rebalanceImpl.getSubscriptionInner().get(pullRequest.getMessageQueue().getTopic());
if (sd != null) {
if (this.defaultMQPushConsumer.isPostSubscriptionWhenPull() && !sd.isClassFilterMode()) {
subExpression = sd.getSubString();
}
classFilter = sd.isClassFilterMode();
}
int sysFlag = PullSysFlag.buildSysFlag(
commitOffsetEnable, // commitOffset
true, // suspend
subExpression != null, // subscription
classFilter // class filter
);
try {
this.pullAPIWrapper.pullKernelImpl(
pullRequest.getMessageQueue(),
subExpression,
subscriptionData.getExpressionType(),
subscriptionData.getSubVersion(),
pullRequest.getNextOffset(),
this.defaultMQPushConsumer.getPullBatchSize(),
sysFlag,
commitOffsetValue,
BROKER_SUSPEND_MAX_TIME_MILLIS,
CONSUMER_TIMEOUT_MILLIS_WHEN_SUSPEND,
CommunicationMode.ASYNC,
pullCallback
);
} catch (Exception e) {
log.error("pullKernelImpl exception", e);
this.executePullRequestLater(pullRequest, pullTimeDelayMillsWhenException);
}
}如果消息处理队列未被锁定，则延迟3s后再将PullRequest对象放入到拉取任务中，如果该处理队列是第一次拉取任务，则首先计算拉取偏移量，然后向消息服务端拉取消息。
消息消费
顺序消息消费的实现类：org.apache.rocketmq.client.impl.consumer.ConsumeMessageOrderlyService
如果消费模式为集群模式，启动定时任务，默认每隔20s执行一次锁定分配给自己的消息消费队列。通过Drocketmq.client.rebalance.lockInterval=20000设置间隔，该值建议与一次消息负载频率设置相同。集群模式下顺序消息消费在创建拉取任务时并未将ProcessQueue的locked状态设置为true，在未锁定消息队列之前无法执行消息拉取任务，ConsumeMessageOrderlyService以每20s的频率对分配给自己的消息队列进行自动加锁操作，从而消费加锁成功的消息消费队列。
ConsumeRequest的run方法
步骤一
ConcurrentMap<MessageQueue, ProcessQueue>processQueueTable，将消息队列按照Broker组织成Map<String/*brokerName*, Set<MessageQueue>>，方便下一步向Broker发送锁定消息队列请求。
RebalanceImpl#buildProcessQueueTableByBrokerName
private HashMap<String/* brokerName */, Set<MessageQueue>> buildProcessQueueTableByBrokerName() {
HashMap<String, Set<MessageQueue>> result = new HashMap<String, Set<MessageQueue>>();
for (MessageQueue mq : this.processQueueTable.keySet()) {
Set<MessageQueue> mqs = result.get(mq.getBrokerName());
if (null == mqs) {
mqs = new HashSet<MessageQueue>();
result.put(mq.getBrokerName(), mqs);
}
mqs.add(mq);
}
return result;
}步骤二
向Broker（Master主节点）发送锁定消息队列，该方法返回成功被当前消费者锁定的消息消费队列。
RebalanceImpl#lockAll
LockBatchRequestBody requestBody = new LockBatchRequestBody();
requestBody.setConsumerGroup(this.consumerGroup);
requestBody.setClientId(this.mQClientFactory.getClientId());
requestBody.setMqSet(mqs);
try {
Set<MessageQueue> lockOKMQSet =
this.mQClientFactory.getMQClientAPIImpl().lockBatchMQ(findBrokerResult.getBrokerAddr(), requestBody, 1000);
步骤三
将成功锁定的消息消费队列相对应的处理队列设置为锁定状态，同时更新加锁时间。
for (MessageQueue mq : lockOKMQSet) {
ProcessQueue processQueue = this.processQueueTable.get(mq);
if (processQueue != null) {
if (!processQueue.isLocked()) {
log.info("the message queue locked OK, Group: {} {}", this.consumerGroup, mq);
}
processQueue.setLocked(true);
processQueue.setLastLockTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis());
}
}步骤四
遍历当前处理队列中的消息消费队列，如果当前消费者不持有该消息队列的锁，将处理队列锁状态设置为false，暂停该消息消费队列的消息拉取与消息消费。
for (MessageQueue mq : mqs) {
if (!lockOKMQSet.contains(mq)) {
ProcessQueue processQueue = this.processQueueTable.get(mq);
if (processQueue != null) {
processQueue.setLocked(false);
log.warn("the message queue locked Failed, Group: {} {}", this.consumerGroup, mq);
}
}
}RocketMQ顺序消息消费，如果消息重试次数达到允许的最大重试次数并且向Broker服务器发送ACK消息返回成功，也就是成功将该消息存入到RocketMQ的DLQ队列中即认为是消息消费成功，继续该消息消费队列后续消息的消费。
消息队列锁实现
顺序消息消费的各个环节基本都是围绕消息消费队列（MessageQueue）与消息处理队列（ProceeQueue）展开的。消息消费进度拉取，消息进度消费都要判断ProceeQueue的locked是否为true，设置ProceeQueue为true的前提条件是消息消费者（cid）向Broker端发送锁定消息队列的请求并返回加锁成功。服务端关于MessageQueue加锁处理类：org.apache.rocketmq.broker.client.rebalance.RebalanceLockManager。
总结
RocketMQ消息消费方式分别为集群模式与广播模式、集群模式。
消息队列负载由RebalanceService线程默认每隔20s进行一次消息队列负载，根据当前消费组内消费者个数与主题队列数量按照某一种负载算法进行队列分配，分配原则为同一个消费者可以分配多个消息消费队列，同一个消息消费队列同一时间只会分配给一个消费者。
消息拉取由PullMessageService线程根据RebalanceService线程创建的拉取任务进行拉取，默认一批拉取32条消息，提交给消费者消费线程池后继续下一次的消息拉取。如果消息消费过慢产生消息堆积会触发消息消费拉取流控。
并发消息消费指消费线程池中的线程可以并发地对同一个消息消费队列的消息进行消费，消费成功后，取出消息处理队列中最小的消息偏移量作为消息消费进度偏移量存在于消息消费进度存储文件中，集群模式消息进度存储在Broker（消息服务器），广播模式消息进度存储在消费者端。如果业务方返回RECONSUME_LATER，则RocketMQ启用消息消费重试机制，将原消息的主题与队列存储在消息属性中，将消息存储在主题名为SCHEDULE_TOPIC_XXXX的消息消费队列中，等待指定时间后，RocketMQ将自动将该消息重新拉取并再次将消息存储在commitlog进而转发到原主要的消息消费队列供消费者消费，消息消费重试主题为%RETRY%消费者组名。
RocketMQ不支持任意精度的定时调度消息，只支持自定义的消息延迟级别，例如1s 2s 5s等，可通过在broker配置文件中设置messageDelayLevel。其实现原理是RocketMQ为这些延迟级别定义对应的消息消费队列，其主题为SCHEDULE_TOPIC_XXXX，然后创建对应延迟级别的定时任务从消息消费队列中将消息拉取并恢复消息的原主题与原消息消费队列再次存入commitlog文件并转发到相应的消息消费队列以便消息消费者拉取消息并消费。
RocketMQ消息消费支持表达式与类过滤模式其中表达式消息过滤又分为基于TAG模式与SQL92表达式，TAG模式就是为消息设定一个TAG，然后消息消费者订阅TAG，如果消费者订阅的TAG列表包含消息的TAG则消费该消息。SQL92表达式基于消息属性实现SQL条件表达式的过滤模式。
顺序消息消费一般使用集群模式，是指消息消费者内的线程池中的线程对消息消费队列只能串行消费。与并发消息消费最本质的区别是消费消息时必须成功锁定消息消费队列，在Broker端会存储消息消费队列的锁占用情况。
参考《RocketMQ技术内幕：RocketMQ架构设计与实现原理》
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