第一个Rust程序

在安装好Rust以后，我们就可以编写程序了。
首先，我们执行下面的命令，尽量让你的rust版本和我的版本相同，或者比我的版本大。

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~$ cargo --version
cargo 1.78.0 (54d8815d0 2024-03-26)
zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~$ rustc --version
rustc 1.78.0 (9b00956e5 2024-04-29)
zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~$ rustdoc --version
rustdoc 1.78.0 (9b00956e5 2024-04-29)
zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~$

cargo是编译管理器，包管理器和通用工具。
rustc是rust编译器。
rustdoc是rust的文档工具。

使用cargo创建一个新的项目：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust$ cargo new hello
    Creating binary (application) `hello` package
note: see more `Cargo.toml` keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html

查看创建的hello包的目录：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust$ ls hello
Cargo.toml  src

在Cargo.toml中，保存了这个项目的基本信息：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust$ cd hello
zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ cat Cargo.toml 
[package]
name = "hello"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"

[dependencies]

在src中，存放的是代码文件，这里面本身已经有一个基本的代码文件了：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ ls -lah src
total 12K
drwxrwxr-x 2 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng 4.0K May 14 09:19 .
drwxrwxr-x 4 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng 4.0K May 14 09:19 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng   45 May 14 09:19 main.rs
zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ cat src/main.rs 
fn main() {
    println!("Hello, world!");
}

因为已经有一个基础代码了，所以我们可以直接将整个项目运行起来：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ cargo run
   Compiling hello v0.1.0 (/home/zhangdapeng/code/rust/hello)
error: linker `cc` not found
  |
  = note: No such file or directory (os error 2)

error: could not compile `hello` (bin "hello") due to 1 previous error

但是，我这里遇到了一个错误。
我的系统版本是Ubuntu24，这里的错误信息是：error: linker cc not found

这里的错误可以通过安装gcc来解决：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ sudo apt install gcc -y
[sudo] password for zhangdapeng: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu cpp cpp-13 cpp-13-x86-64-linux-gnu cpp-x86-64-linux-gnu gcc-13 gcc-13-base gcc-13-x86-64-linux-gnu gcc-x86-64-linux-gnu libasan8 libatomic1
  libbinutils libcc1-0 libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libgcc-13-dev libgomp1 libgprofng0 libhwasan0 libisl23 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpc3 libquadmath0 libsframe1 libtsan2 libubsan1
Suggested packages:
  binutils-doc gprofng-gui cpp-doc gcc-13-locales cpp-13-doc gcc-multilib make autoconf automake libtool flex bison gdb gcc-doc gcc-13-multilib gcc-13-doc gdb-x86-64-linux-gnu
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  binutils binutils-common binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu cpp cpp-13 cpp-13-x86-64-linux-gnu cpp-x86-64-linux-gnu gcc gcc-13 gcc-13-base gcc-13-x86-64-linux-gnu gcc-x86-64-linux-gnu libasan8
  libatomic1 libbinutils libcc1-0 libctf-nobfd0 libctf0 libgcc-13-dev libgomp1 libgprofng0 libhwasan0 libisl23 libitm1 liblsan0 libmpc3 libquadmath0 libsframe1 libtsan2 libubsan1
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安装了gcc以后，重新运行就可以了：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ cargo run
   Compiling hello v0.1.0 (/home/zhangdapeng/code/rust/hello)
    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.37s
     Running `target/debug/hello`
Hello, world!

这个命令会生成一个可执行文件：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ ls target/debug/
build  deps  examples  hello  hello.d  incremental

我们也可以直接调用可执行文件运行：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ ./target/debug/hello 
Hello, world!

cargo还贴心的给我们准备了清理调试代码的功能：

zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ cargo clean
     Removed 21 files, 7.3MiB total
zhangdapeng@zhangdapeng:~/code/rust/hello$ ls -lah
total 28K
drwxrwxr-x 4 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng 4.0K May 14 09:34 .
drwxrwxr-x 3 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng 4.0K May 14 09:19 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng  149 May 14 09:24 Cargo.lock
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng   76 May 14 09:19 Cargo.toml
drwxrwxr-x 6 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng 4.0K May 14 09:19 .git
-rw-rw-r-- 1 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng    8 May 14 09:19 .gitignore
drwxrwxr-x 2 zhangdapeng zhangdapeng 4.0K May 14 09:19 src