Matplotlib 的用法介绍
Matplotlib 绘图库的使用
matplotlib的定义:
matplotlib 是一个Python下的2D绘图库,能够在跨平台的交互环境中产生各种硬拷贝格式的印刷级的图形
1.在jupyter上输出matplotlib 矢量图.
矢量图的好处是,放大后不会出现模糊,可以使用在论文中代替orange画图.
#添加一段代码就行
import matplotlib
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
%config InlineBackend.figure_format='svg'
上面这段输出矢量图的代码,基于Python3 输出是错误的.语法不对,再寻找解决方案
import tensorflow as tf
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
with tf.Session() as sess:
fig,ax=plt.subplots()
ax.plot=(tf.random_normal([100]).eval(),tf.random_normal([100]).eval(),'o')
ax.set_title('Sample random plot for tersotflow')
plt.show()
plt.savefig('result.svg')
# plt.savefig() 只要指定文件名的后缀是.pdf或是 .eps就能够输出 相应的文件
<matplotlib.figure.Figure at 0x7f7a502ac9e8>
2.利用 Matplotlib 绘制决策树图
Unfortunately,Python does’t include a good tool for plotting trees. so we’ll make our own.
这才是真正的工程师精神
Matplotlib has a great tool ,called annotations.that can add text near data in a plot.
2.1Plotting trees nodes with text annotations
利用文字注释功能来画树结点
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# define nodeType 叶结点,判别结点,箭头类型的定义
decisionNode=dict(boxstyle="sawtooth",fc="0.8")
leafNode=dict(boxstyle="round4",fc="0.8")
arrow_args=dict(arrowstyle="<-")
# 定义结点函数
def plotNode(nodeText,centerPt,parentPt,nodeType):
createPlot.ax1.annotate(nodeText,xy=parentPt,xycoords='axes fraction',xytext=centerPt,textcoords='axes fraction',
va='center',ha='center',bbox=nodeType,arrowprops=arrow_args)
# 这个参数多的有点恐怖.没有看懂
# 创造一个绘制图
def createPlot():
fig=plt.figure(1,facecolor='white')
fig.clf() #create a new figure and clear it 将新建的画板进行清理
createPlot.ax1=plt.subplot(111,frameon=False)
plotNode('a decision node ',(0.5,0.1),(0.1,0.5),decisionNode)
plotNode('a leaf node',(0.8,0.1),(0.3,0.8),leafNode)
plt.show()
# 调用函数,将绘制的图在屏幕上显示
createPlot()
2.2 A strategy for plotting tree
Identifying the number of leaves in a tree and the depth
Need to know how many leafnodes and how many levels to decide the properly size the X,Y direction.
# Numleafs function
def getNumLeafs(myTree):
numLeafs=0
firstList=list(myTree.keys())
firstStr=firstList[0]
secondDict=myTree[firstStr]# 读取键值的value
for key in secondDict.keys():# 监测是否有还有字典集合
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':
numLeafs+=getNumLeafs(secondDict[key])
else: numLeafs+=1
return numLeafs
# depths function
def getTreeDepth(myTree):
maxDepth=0
firstList=list(myTree.keys())
firstStr=firstList[0]
secondDict=myTree[firstStr]
for key in secondDict.keys():
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':
thisDepth=1+getTreeDepth(secondDict[key])
else: thisDepth=1
if thisDepth>maxDepth:
maxDepth=thisDepth
return maxDepth
需要注意的是这里有 Python版本的问题
Python 2 中 firstStr=myTree.keys()[0]
Python 3 中 firstList=list(firstStr)
firstStr=firstList[0]
这个函数的目的是将字典的第一个键值进行读取,
# make a tree data
def retrieveTree(i):
listOfTrees =[{'no surfacing': {0: 'no', 1: {'flippers': {0: 'no', 1: 'yes'}}}},
{'no surfacing': {0: 'no', 1: {'flippers': {0: {'head': {0: 'no', 1: 'yes'}}, 1: 'no'}}}}
]
return listOfTrees[i]
retrieveTree(0)
{'no surfacing': {0: 'no', 1: {'flippers': {0: 'no', 1: 'yes'}}}}
#运行函数查看
getNumLeafs(retrieveTree(1))
# Plots text between child and parent
def plotMidText(cntrPt,parentPt,txtString):
xMid=(parentPt[0]-cntrPt[0])/2.0+cntrPt[0]
yMid=(parentPt[1]-cntrPt[1])/2.0+cntrPt[1]
createPlot.ax1.text(xMid,yMid,txtString)
# define the main functions, plotTree
def plotTree(myTree, parentPt, nodeTxt):#if the first key tells you what feat was split on
numLeafs = getNumLeafs(myTree) #this determines the x width of this tree
depth = getTreeDepth(myTree)
firstList = list(myTree.keys())
firstStr=firstList[0] #the text label for this node should be this
cntrPt = (plotTree.xOff + (1.0 + float(numLeafs))/2.0/plotTree.totalW, plotTree.yOff)
plotMidText(cntrPt, parentPt, nodeTxt)
plotNode(firstStr, cntrPt, parentPt, decisionNode)
secondDict = myTree[firstStr]
plotTree.yOff = plotTree.yOff - 1.0/plotTree.totalD
for key in secondDict.keys():
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':#test to see if the nodes are dictonaires, if not they are leaf nodes
plotTree(secondDict[key],cntrPt,str(key)) #recursion
else: #it's a leaf node print the leaf node
plotTree.xOff = plotTree.xOff + 1.0/plotTree.totalW
plotNode(secondDict[key], (plotTree.xOff, plotTree.yOff), cntrPt, leafNode)
plotMidText((plotTree.xOff, plotTree.yOff), cntrPt, str(key))
plotTree.yOff = plotTree.yOff + 1.0/plotTree.totalD
#if you do get a dictonary you know it's a tree, and the first element will be another dict
# 进行图形显示
def createPlot(inTree):
fig=plt.figure(1,facecolor='white')
fig.clf()
axprops=dict(xticks=[],yticks=[])
createPlot.ax1=plt.subplot(111,frameon=False,**axprops)
plotTree.totalW=float(getNumLeafs(inTree))
plotTree.totalD=float(getTreeDepth(inTree))
plotTree.xOff=-0.5/plotTree.totalW
plotTree.yOff=1.0
plotTree(inTree,(0.5,1.0),'')
plt.show()
# 调用函数进行来完成树的绘制
createPlot(retrieveTree(0))
createPlot(retrieveTree(1))
2.3 Put our decision tree code to use on some real data
# classification function for an existing decision tree
def classify(inputTree,featLabels,testVec):
firstList=list(inputTree.keys())
firstStr=firstList[0]
secondDict=inputTree[firstStr]
featIndex=featLabels.index(firstStr)
for key in secondDict.keys():
if testVec[featIndex]==key:
if type(secondDict[key]).__name__=='dict':
classLabel=classify(secondDict[key],featLabels,testVec)
else:
classLabel=secondDict[key]
return classLabels
利用pickle 来进行序列化 serialize objects allow us to store them for later use
def storeTree(inputTree,filename):
import pickle
fw = open(filename,'w')
pickle.dump(inputTree,fw)
fw.close()
def grabTree(filename):
import pickle
fr = open(filename)
return pickle.load(fr)
2.4persisting the decision tree
# methods for persisting the decision tree with pickle
def storeTree(inPutTree,filename):
import pickle
fw=open(filename,'w')
pickle.dump(inPutTree,fw)
fw.close()
def grabTree(filename):
import pickle
fr=open(filename)
return pickle.load(fr)
Summary
matplotlib 的用法多种多样,实时更新中