机器学习实战第11章

votesmart，安装上这个模块了，输入这句语句的时候显示没有votes这个模块，bills=votesmart.votes.getBillsByStateRecent()，之前显示votesmart中的except urllib.request.HTTPError , e:错误，之后改成了except urllib.request.HTTPError as e:，是不是votesmart这个模块安装的有问题啊，代码是下面这样的

""" Python library for interacting with Project Vote Smart API.

    Project Vote Smart's API (http://www.votesmart.org/services_api.php)
    provides rich biographical data, including data on votes, committee
    assignments, and much more.
"""

__author__ = "James Turk <jturk@sunlightfoundation.com>"
__version__ = "0.3.3"
__copyright__ = "Copyright (c) 2012 Sunlight Labs"
__license__ = "BSD"

import urllib.request
import urllib.error
try:
    import json
except ImportError:
    import simplejson as json

class VotesmartApiError(Exception):
    """ Exception for Sunlight API errors """

class VotesmartApiObject(object):
    def __init__(self, d):
        self.__dict__ = d

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__)

class Address(object):
    def __init__(self, d):
        self.__dict__.update(d['address'])
        self.__dict__.update(d['phone'])
        self.__dict__.update(d['notes'])

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__)

class WebAddress(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.webAddress

class Bio(object):
    def __init__(self, d):
        #self.__dict__.update(d['election'])
        #self.__dict__.update(d['office'])
        self.__dict__.update(d['candidate'])

    def __repr__(self):
        return '%s(%r)' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.__dict__)

class AddlBio(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.name, self.data))

class Candidate(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.firstName, self.lastName))

class CommitteeType(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Committee(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class CommitteeDetail(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class CommitteeMember(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.title, self.firstName, self.lastName))

class District(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Election(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __init__(self, d):
        stages = d.pop('stage', None)
        self.__dict__ = d
        if stages:
            self.stages = _result_to_obj(ElectionStage, stages)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class ElectionStage(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return '%s (%s)' % (self.name, self.electionDate)

class Official(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.title, self.firstName, self.lastName))

class LeadershipPosition(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Locality(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Measure(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class MeasureDetail(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class OfficeType(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.officeTypeId, self.name))

class OfficeBranch(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.officeBranchId, self.name))

class OfficeLevel(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.officeLevelId, self.name))

class Office(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Category(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.categoryId, self.name))

class Sig(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.sigId, self.name))

class SigDetail(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Rating(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.ratingText

class State(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.stateId, self.name))

class StateDetail(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.stateId, self.name))

class BillSponsor(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class BillAction(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' - '.join((self.statusDate, self.stage))

class BillAmendment(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.title

class BillDetail(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __init__(self, d):
        sponsors = d.pop('sponsors')
        actions = d.pop('actions')
        amendments = d.pop('amendments')  # ammendments -- sic
        self.sponsors = _result_to_obj(BillSponsor, sponsors['sponsor'])
        self.actions = _result_to_obj(BillAction, actions['action'])
        if amendments:
            self.amendments = _result_to_obj(BillAmendment, amendments['amendment'])
        self.__dict__.update(d)

class BillActionDetail(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return self.officialTitle

class Bill(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.billNumber, self.title))

class Vote(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ': '.join((self.candidateName, self.action))

class Veto(VotesmartApiObject):
    def __str__(self):
        return ' '.join((self.billNumber, self.billTitle))

def _result_to_obj(cls, result):
    if isinstance(result, dict):
        return [cls(result)]
    else:
        # the if o predicate is important, sometimes they return empty strings
        return [cls(o) for o in result if o]

class votesmart(object):

    apikey = None

    @staticmethod
    def _apicall(func, params):
        if votesmart.apikey is None:
            raise VotesmartApiError('Missing Project Vote Smart apikey')

        params = dict([(k,v) for (k,v) in params.iteritems() if v])
        url = 'http://api.votesmart.org/%s?o=JSON&key=%s&%s' % (func,
            votesmart.apikey, urllib.urlencode(params))
        try:
            response = urllib.request.urlopen(url).read()
            obj = json.loads(response)
            if 'error' in obj:
                raise VotesmartApiError(obj['error']['errorMessage'])
            else:
                return obj
        except urllib.request.HTTPError as e:
            raise VotesmartApiError(e)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise VotesmartApiError('Invalid Response')

    class address(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getCampaign(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Address.getCampaign', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Address, result['address']['office'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCampaignWebAddress(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Address.getCampaignWebAddress', params)
            return _result_to_obj(WebAddress, result['webaddress']['address'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCampaignByElection(electionId):
            params = {'electionId': electionId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Address.getCampaignByElection', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Address, result['address']['office'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOffice(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Address.getOffice', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Address, result['address']['office'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOfficeWebAddress(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Address.getOfficeWebAddress', params)
            return _result_to_obj(WebAddress, result['webaddress']['address'])

        #@staticmethod
        #def getOfficeByOfficeState(officeId, stateId=None):
        #    params = {'officeId': officeId, 'stateId': stateId}
        #    result = votesmart._apicall('Address.getOfficeByOfficeState', params)
        #    return _result_to_obj(Address, result['address']['office'])

    class candidatebio(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getBio(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('CandidateBio.getBio', params)
            return Bio(result['bio'])

        @staticmethod
        def getAddlBio(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('CandidateBio.getAddlBio', params)
            return _result_to_obj(AddlBio,
                                  result['addlBio']['additional']['item'])

    class candidates(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getByOfficeState(officeId, stateId=None, electionYear=None):
            params = {'officeId': officeId, 'stateId':stateId, 'electionYear': electionYear}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByOfficeState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByOfficeTypeState(officeTypeId, stateId=None, electionYear=None):
            params = {'officeTypeId': officeTypeId, 'stateId':stateId, 'electionYear': electionYear}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByOfficeTypeState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByLastname(lastName, electionYear=None):
            params = {'lastName': lastName, 'electionYear':electionYear}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByLastname', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByLevenstein(lastName, electionYear=None):
            params = {'lastName': lastName, 'electionYear':electionYear}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByLevenstein', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByElection(electionId):
            params = {'electionId': electionId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByElection', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByDistrict(districtId, electionYear=None):
            params = {'districtId': districtId, 'electionYear':electionYear}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByDistrict', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByZip(zip5, zip4=None):
            params = {'zip4': zip4, 'zip5': zip5}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Candidates.getByZip', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

    class committee(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getTypes():
            result = votesmart._apicall('Committee.getTypes', {})
            return _result_to_obj(CommitteeType, result['committeeTypes']['type'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCommitteesByTypeState(typeId=None, stateId=None):
            params = {'typeId':typeId, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Committee.getCommitteesByTypeState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Committee, result['committees']['committee'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCommittee(committeeId):
            params = {'committeeId' : committeeId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Committee.getCommittee', params)
            return CommitteeDetail(result['committee'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCommitteeMembers(committeeId):
            params = {'committeeId' : committeeId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Committee.getCommitteeMembers', params)
            return _result_to_obj(CommitteeMember, result['committeeMembers']['member'])

    class district(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getByOfficeState(officeId, stateId, districtName=None):
            params = {'officeId':officeId, 'stateId': stateId, 'districtName': districtName}
            result = votesmart._apicall('District.getByOfficeState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(District, result['districtList']['district'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByZip(zip5, zip4=None):
            params = {'zip5': zip5, 'zip4': zip4}
            result = votesmart._apicall('District.getByZip', params)
            return _result_to_obj(District, result['districtList']['district'])

    class election(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getElection(electionId):
            params = {'electionId':electionId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Election.getElection', params)
            return Election(result['elections']['election'])

        @staticmethod
        def getElectionByYearState(year, stateId=None):
            params = {'year':year, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Election.getElectionByYearState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Election, result['elections']['election'])

        @staticmethod
        def getElectionByZip(zip5, zip4=None, year=None):
            params = {'zip5': zip5, 'zip4': zip4, 'year': year}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Election.getElectionByZip', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Election, result['elections']['election'])

        @staticmethod
        def getStageCandidates(electionId, stageId, party=None,
                               districtId=None, stateId=None):
            params = {'electionId':electionId, 'stageId':stageId,
                      'party':party, 'districtId':districtId, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Election.getStageCandidates', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Candidate, result['stageCandidates']['candidate'])


    class leadership(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getPositions(stateId=None, officeId=None):
            params = {'stateId':stateId, 'officeId':officeId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Leadership.getPositions', params)
            return _result_to_obj(LeadershipPosition, result['leadership']['position'])

        #@staticmethod
        #def getCandidates(leadershipId, stateId=None):
        #    params = {'leadershipId':leadershipId, 'stateId':stateId}
        #    result = votesmart._apicall('Leadership.getCandidates', params)
        #    return result['leaders']['leader']

    class local(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getCounties(stateId):
            params = {'stateId': stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Local.getCounties', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Locality, result['counties']['county'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCities(stateId):
            params = {'stateId': stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Local.getCities', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Locality, result['cities']['city'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOfficials(localId):
            params = {'localId': localId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Local.getOfficials', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

    class measure(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getMeasuresByYearState(year, stateId):
            params = {'year':year, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Measure.getMeasuresByYearState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Measure, result['measures']['measure'])

        @staticmethod
        def getMeasure(measureId):
            params = {'measureId':measureId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Measure.getMeasure', params)
            return MeasureDetail(result['measure'])

    class npat(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getNpat(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Npat.getNpat', params)
            return result['npat']

    class office(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getTypes():
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getTypes', {})
            return _result_to_obj(OfficeType, result['officeTypes']['type'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBranches():
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getBranches', {})
            return _result_to_obj(OfficeBranch, result['branches']['branch'])

        @staticmethod
        def getLevels():
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getLevels', {})
            return _result_to_obj(OfficeLevel, result['levels']['level'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOfficesByType(typeId):
            params = {'typeId':typeId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getOfficesByType', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Office, result['offices']['office'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOfficesByLevel(levelId):
            params = {'levelId':levelId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getOfficesByLevel', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Office, result['offices']['office'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOfficesByTypeLevel(typeId, levelId):
            params = {'typeId':typeId, 'levelId':levelId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getOfficesByTypeLevel', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Office, result['offices']['office'])

        @staticmethod
        def getOfficesByBranchLevel(branchId, levelId):
            params = {'branchId':branchId, 'levelId':levelId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Office.getOfficesByBranchLevel', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Office, result['offices']['office'])

    class officials(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getStatewide(stateId=None):
            params = {'stateId': stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getStatewide', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByOfficeState(officeId, stateId=None):
            params = {'officeId':officeId, 'stateId': stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getByOfficeState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByLastname(lastName):
            params = {'lastName':lastName}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getByLastname', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByLevenstein(lastName):
            params = {'lastName':lastName}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getByLevenstein', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByElection(electionId):
            params = {'electionId':electionId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getByElection', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByDistrict(districtId):
            params = {'districtId':districtId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getByDistrict', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByZip(zip5, zip4=None):
            params = {'zip4': zip4, 'zip5': zip5}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Officials.getByZip', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Official, result['candidateList']['candidate'])

    class rating(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getCategories(stateId=None):
            params = {'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Rating.getCategories', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Category, result['categories']['category'])

        @staticmethod
        def getSigList(categoryId, stateId=None):
            params = {'categoryId':categoryId, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Rating.getSigList', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Sig, result['sigs']['sig'])

        @staticmethod
        def getSig(sigId):
            params = {'sigId':sigId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Rating.getSig', params)
            return SigDetail(result['sig'])

        @staticmethod
        def getCandidateRating(candidateId, sigId=None):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId, 'sigId':sigId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Rating.getCandidateRating', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Rating, result['candidateRating']['rating'])

    class state(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getStateIDs():
            result = votesmart._apicall('State.getStateIDs', {})
            return _result_to_obj(State, result['stateList']['list']['state'])

        @staticmethod
        def getState(stateId):
            params = {'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('State.getState', params)
            return StateDetail(result['state']['details'])

    class votes(object):
        @staticmethod
        def getCategories(year, stateId=None):
            params = {'year':year, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getCategories', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Category, result['categories']['category'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBill(billId):
            params = {'billId':billId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBill', params)
            return BillDetail(result['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillAction(actionId):
            params = {'actionId':actionId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillAction', params)
            return BillActionDetail(result['action'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillActionVotes(actionId):
            params = {'actionId':actionId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillActionVotes', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Vote, result['votes']['vote'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillActionVoteByOfficial(actionId, candidateId):
            params = {'actionId':actionId, 'candidateId':candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillActionVoteByOfficial', params)
            return Vote(result['votes']['vote'])

        @staticmethod
        def getByBillNumber(billNumber):
            params = {'billNumber': billNumber}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getByBillNumber', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsByCategoryYearState(categoryId, year, stateId=None):
            params = {'categoryId':categoryId, 'year':year, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsByCategoryYearState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsByYearState(year, stateId=None):
            params = {'year':year, 'stateId':stateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsByYearState', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsByOfficialYearOffice(candidateId, year, officeId=None):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId, 'year':year, 'officeId':officeId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsByOfficialYearOffice', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsByOfficial(candidateId, year, officeId=None, categoryId=None):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId, 'year':year, 'officeId':officeId, 'categoryId':categoryId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsByOfficial', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsByOfficialCategoryOffice(candidateId, categoryId, officeId=None):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId, 'categoryId':categoryId, 'officeId':officeId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsByOfficialCategoryOffice', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsBySponsorYear(candidateId, year):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId, 'year':year}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsBySponsorYear', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsBySponsorCategory(candidateId, categoryId):
            params = {'candidateId':candidateId, 'categoryId':categoryId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsBySponsorCategory', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getBillsByStateRecent(stateId=None, amount=None):
            params = {'stateId':stateId, 'amount':amount}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getBillsByStateRecent', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Bill, result['bills']['bill'])

        @staticmethod
        def getVetoes(candidateId):
            params = {'candidateId': candidateId}
            result = votesmart._apicall('Votes.getVetoes', params)
            return _result_to_obj(Veto, result['vetoes']['veto'])