Python 3D 电磁 FDTD 模拟器详细教程：如何使用 PyTorch 后端在 GPU 上优化仿真

最新推荐文章于 2023-09-20 17:01:40 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-09-20 17:01:40 发布
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分类专栏： python算法解析 文章标签： python 3d pytorch
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1. 引言

随着计算技术的不断进步，各种仿真技术也日益受到关注。其中，3D 电磁 FDTD (有限差分时域) 模拟器是电磁学领域中常用的一种仿真方法。尽管已经有许多成熟的商业软件支持 FDTD 仿真，但是自主开发一个简单的模拟器可以更好地理解其工作原理，并根据特定需求进行调整。

本文将指导您使用 Python 来编写一个基础的 3D 电磁 FDTD 模拟器，并介绍如何利用 PyTorch 的 GPU 加速功能来提高仿真速度。

2. FDTD 基础

FDTD 是一种直接在时域中求解 Maxwell’s 方程的数值方法。通过对空间和时间进行离散化，将连续的 Maxwell 方程转化为一系列离散的差分方程，然后通过迭代来得到电场和磁场的时间演化。

主要方程如下：

  1. 更新磁场： Hxn+1/2=Hxn−Δt(∂Ezn∂y−∂Eyn∂z)H_x^{n+1/2} = H_x^n - \Delta t \left( \frac{\partial E_z^n}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial E_y^n}{\partial z} \right)Hxn+1/2​=Hxn​−Δt(∂y∂Ezn​​−∂z∂Eyn​​) Hyn+1/2=Hyn−Δt(∂Exn∂z−∂Ezn∂x)H_y^{n+1/2} = H_y^n - \Delta t \left( \frac{\partial E_x^n}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial E_z^n}{\partial x} \right)Hyn+1/2​=Hyn​−Δt(∂z∂Exn​​−∂x∂Ezn​​) Hzn+1/2=Hzn−Δt(∂Eyn∂x−∂Exn∂y)H_z^{n+1/2} = H_z^n - \Delta t \left( \fra

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专栏目录
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FDTD软件英文使用说明 Initial Properties dialog box ................................................................................... 33 Mask Export............................................................................................................. 41 Profile Designer....................................................................................................... 42 Wafer Properties ..................................................................................................... 42 Profiles In Use ......................................................................................................... 44 Properties ................................................................................................................ 45 Toolbars ................................................................................................................... 45 Status bar................................................................................................................. 45 Color Spectrum ....................................................................................................... 46 Workbook Mode ...................................................................................................... 49 3D Graph Items........................................................................................................ 50 Show slice selector................................................................................................. 54 Refractive Index (X, Y, and Z directions) .............................................................. 54 Zoom tool................................................................................................................. 54 Edit Parameters....................................................................................................... 56 2D Simulation Parameters...................................................................................... 62 3D Simulation Parameters...................................................................................... 66 3D Simulation Parameters for 64-bit simulator .................................................... 68 2D Band Solver Parameters ................................................................................... 73 PWE Band Solver .................................................................................................... 78 Test Script................................................................................................................ 86 Run Script (2D or 3D).............................................................................................. 86 Generate Template Script....................................................................................... 86 Generate Layout Script........................................................................................... 86 Generate Scanning Script ...................................................................................... 86 Preferences menu ................................................................................................... 87 Edit Menu ................................................................................................................. 89 3D Objects ...................................................................................................... 93 Common elements of 3D object waveguides ....................................................... 94 Clipping Planes ..................................................................................................... 103 Profile Designer ........................................................................................... 107 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 108 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 112 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 112 Library Browser toolbar ....................................................................................... 113 Profile toolbar........................................................................................................ 114Table of Contents Installing OptiFDTD ......................................................................................... 1 Hardware and software requirements..................................................................... 1 Protection key ........................................................................................................... 2 Installation ................................................................................................................. 2 Technical support ..................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................... 5 What is OptiFDTD? ................................................................................................... 5 OptiFDTD applications and how they relate to one another................................. 6 OptiFDTD_Designer .................................................................................................. 6 Main elements of a layout design............................................................................ 8 What’s new in OptiFDTD 8.0 ......................................................................... 11 64-bit 2D Simulator ................................................................................................. 11 Heating Absorption................................................................................................. 13 Total Field Scattering Field 2D simulations and analysis ................................... 13 OptiFDTD_Designer....................................................................................... 17 Main parts of the GUI .............................................................................................. 18 Main menu bar......................................................................................................... 22 Toolbars ................................................................................................................... 22 OptiFDTD_Designer menus and buttons..................................................... 23 File menu ................................................................................................................. 23 Edit menu................................................................................................................. 24 View menu ............................................................................................................... 25 Tools menu .............................................................................................................. 27 Draw menu............................................................................................................... 27 Simulation menu ..................................................................................................... 31 Preferences menu ................................................................................................... 31 Window menu.......................................................................................................... 32 Help menu................................................................................................................ 32 OptiFDTD_Designer functions...................................................................... 33OptiBPM Specific Materials ........................................................................ 169 Material Class ........................................................................................................ 169 Create and edit materials ..................................................................................... 169 Dielectric material (Ordinary)............................................................................... 170 Diffused material ................................................................................................... 173 OptiFDTD Specific Materials....................................................................... 177 Material Class ........................................................................................................ 177 Create and edit materials ..................................................................................... 177 Dielectric ................................................................................................................ 178 Dispersion.............................................................................................................. 183 Converting the ‘Sellmeier equation’ to ‘Lorentz Model’ .................................... 184 Nonlinear................................................................................................................ 192 Perfect Conductor................................................................................................. 196 2D Band Solver ............................................................................................ 199 2D Band Solver Parameters ................................................................................. 199 File menu ............................................................................................................... 201 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 201 View menu ............................................................................................................. 201 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 202 Waveguides.................................................................................................. 205 Waveguide properties........................................................................................... 205 Waveguide profiles ............................................................................................... 205 Wafer ...................................................................................................................... 208 Waveguide vs. wafer............................................................................................. 209 Initial data .............................................................................................................. 211 Local Coordinate System ..................................................................................... 211 User Interface of a Parameterized position of a Layout Shape ........................ 212 Waveguides ........................................................................................................... 214 Linear ..................................................................................................................... 216 Arc .......................................................................................................................... 222 Elliptic .................................................................................................................... 228 Ring ........................................................................................................................ 233 S-Bend Sines ......................................................................................................... 239 S-Bend Arc............................................................................................................. 239 S-Bend Sine ........................................................................................................... 244S-Bend Cosine....................................................................................................... 250 Linear Taper........................................................................................................... 256 Parabolic Taper ..................................................................................................... 262 Exponential Taper ................................................................................................. 267 S-Bend Arc Taper.................................................................................................. 273 S-Bend Sine Taper ................................................................................................ 278 S-Bend Cosine Taper............................................................................................ 285 Circular Lens ......................................................................................................... 291 Elliptic Lens ........................................................................................................... 296 Parabolic Lens....................................................................................................... 303 Hyperbolic Lens .................................................................................................... 309 Polynomial ............................................................................................................. 315 Photonic Band Gap (PBG) Crystal Structure ..................................................... 321 Basic 3D Linear Tapering and Proportional Interpretation of Fiber Profile..... 330 Input Field..................................................................................................... 339 Input Field vs. Input Plane.................................................................................... 339 Insert an input plane ............................................................................................. 340 Input Field dialog box ........................................................................................... 343 Mode—Global Data: ADI Method ......................................................................... 359 Mode Solver 2D ..................................................................................................... 379 Mode Solver 2D—menus ...................................................................................... 380 Mode Solver 2D—tabs .......................................................................................... 396 TFSF Region Properties ....................................................................................... 401 3D Mode Solver............................................................................................ 407 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 410 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 414 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 414 3D Mode Solver menus and buttons.......................................................... 417 File menu ............................................................................................................... 417 View menu ............................................................................................................. 417 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 419 Data menu.............................................................................................................. 419 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 420 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 420 3D Mode Solver functions........................................................................... 421Profile Designer menus............................................................................... 117 File menu ............................................................................................................... 117 View menu ............................................................................................................. 117 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 117 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 117 Profile Designer context menu ............................................................................ 118 Profile Designer functions .......................................................................... 119 Library Browser..................................................................................................... 119 Compare Libraries ................................................................................................ 119 Edit Variables and Functions............................................................................... 122 Mode—Global Data: ADI Method ......................................................................... 123 Mode Settings........................................................................................................ 124 Options................................................................................................................... 125 Profiles.......................................................................................................... 127 Fiber ....................................................................................................................... 127 Channel .................................................................................................................. 131 OptiBPM Specific Diffused Materials ......................................................... 137 Custom Diffusion Processes and Arbitrary Index Profiles ............................... 137 Diffusion Process Library .................................................................................... 137 Ti:LiNb03 profile - Titanium diffusion in lithium niobate................................... 138 Ti:LiNbO 3 Pro toolbar ........................................................................................... 139 Mg:LiNb03 profile - Magnesium diffusion in lithium niobate............................ 143 Mg:LiNb0 3 Pro toolbar .......................................................................................... 144 Proton Exchange profile - H+:LiNb03.................................................................. 148 Proton Exchange toolbar ..................................................................................... 149 Annealing Process................................................................................................ 151 OptiBPM Specific User Function Profile.................................................... 153 OptiBPM Specific User DLL Profile............................................................ 159 Center point ........................................................................................................... 162 Materials ....................................................................................................... 167Mode Found........................................................................................................... 421 Status Bar .............................................................................................................. 422 3D Graph Items...................................................................................................... 422 Show slice selector............................................................................................... 426 Customize .............................................................................................................. 426 Data menu.............................................................................................................. 429 3D Graph Settings................................................................................................. 432 Layout Options...................................................................................................... 441 Observation Points, Areas, and Lines ....................................................... 445 Observation Point ................................................................................................. 445 Observation Area .................................................................................................. 445 Observation Line................................................................................................... 446 Simulation toolbar................................................................................................. 446 Observation Points...................................................................................... 447 Observation properties—Point dialog box ......................................................... 448 Observation Area......................................................................................... 451 Observation properties -- X-Z Area dialog box .................................................. 452 Observation properties -- Y-Z Area dialog box .................................................. 455 Observation properties -- X-Y Area dialog box .................................................. 457 Observation Area Analysis dialog box ............................................................... 459 Observation Line.......................................................................................... 474 Observation properties -- Vertical Line dialog box............................................ 475 OptiFDTD_Simulator (2D)............................................................................ 479 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 480 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 483 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 483 OptiFDTD_Simulator (2D) menus and buttons ......................................... 485 File menu ............................................................................................................... 485 View menu ............................................................................................................. 485 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 487 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 489Export..................................................................................................................... 597 3D Graph Items...................................................................................................... 598 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 598 Components menu................................................................................................ 601 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 601 OptiFDTD Tools............................................................................................ 605 Overlap Integral............................................................................................ 607 Gaussian Overlap Scanner ......................................................................... 615 Overlap Integral Scanner ............................................................................ 619 Multiple Fields .............................................................................................. 623 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 628 Multiple Gaussians ...................................................................................... 629 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 632 Confinement Factor ..................................................................................... 633 Notes ...................................................................................................................... 638 Far Field........................................................................................................ 639 Fraunhofer approximation ................................................................................... 639 Fresnel-Kirchhoff Diffraction Formula ................................................................ 640 2D Far Field............................................................................................................ 641 3D Far Field............................................................................................................ 643 References............................................................................................................. 645 Mode 2D........................................................................................................ 647 Modes of Planar Waveguides .............................................................................. 649 File menu ............................................................................................................... 650 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 650 View menu ............................................................................................................. 651 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 651 Window menu........................................................................................................ 651Help menu.............................................................................................................. 489 Simulation Parameters ......................................................................................... 490 Boundary Conditions............................................................................................ 491 Observation Point ................................................................................................. 492 Finalization ............................................................................................................ 494 OptiFDTD_Simulator (2D) functions .......................................................... 495 View list.................................................................................................................. 495 Status bar............................................................................................................... 496 3D Graph settings ................................................................................................. 501 OptiFDTD_Simulator (3D)............................................................................ 513 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 514 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 517 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 517 OptiFDTD_Simulator (3D) menus and buttons ......................................... 519 File menu ............................................................................................................... 519 View menu ............................................................................................................. 519 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 522 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 523 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 523 Simulation Parameters ......................................................................................... 524 Boundary Conditions............................................................................................ 525 Finalization ............................................................................................................ 527 OptiFDTD_Simulator (3D) functions .......................................................... 529 View list.................................................................................................................. 529 Status bar............................................................................................................... 530 3D Graph settings ................................................................................................. 535 PWE Band Solver......................................................................................... 545 OptiFDTD_Analyzer (2D Simulations)........................................................ 553 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 554 Components .......................................................................................................... 556 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 559Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 559 OptiFDTD_Analyzer menus and buttons (2D Simulations)...................... 561 File menu ............................................................................................................... 561 View menu ............................................................................................................. 562 Components menu................................................................................................ 563 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 564 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 564 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 564 Window menu........................................................................................................ 565 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 565 OptiFDTD_Analyzer functions (2D Simulations)....................................... 567 Export..................................................................................................................... 567 3D Graph Items...................................................................................................... 568 Components menu................................................................................................ 568 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 568 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 571 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 571 OptiFDTD_Analyzer (3D Simulations)........................................................ 575 Main parts of the GUI ............................................................................................ 576 Main menu bar....................................................................................................... 580 Toolbars ................................................................................................................. 580 OptiFDTD_Analyzer menus and buttons (3D simulations) ...................... 581 File menu ............................................................................................................... 581 View menu ............................................................................................................. 582 Components menu................................................................................................ 583 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 584 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 584 Tools menu ............................................................................................................ 584 Window menu........................................................................................................ 585 Help menu.............................................................................................................. 585 OptiFDTD_Analyzer functions (3D simulations) ....................................... 587 Analysis Tools....................................................................................................... 587Code V Converter......................................................................................... 727 Data format ............................................................................................................ 729 EXFO OWA Converter ................................................................................. 731 Zemax Converter.......................................................................................... 739 Conversion ............................................................................................................ 739 Notes on Conversion ............................................................................................ 740 Data formats .......................................................................................................... 741 ZEMAX Beam File (ZBF) binary format ............................................................... 741 Appendix A: Opti2D Graph Control............................................................ 743 User interface features ......................................................................................... 744 Graph Properties dialog ....................................................................................... 754 Appendix B: File formats ............................................................................ 763 Data file formats .................................................................................................... 763 Appendix C: Parser supported functions.................................................. 773 Supported functions ............................................................................................. 773 Function Limits and _FnRslt_.............................................................................. 778 Appendix D: Batch processing................................................................... 781 Automatic loading of VB Script from command line ......................................... 785Simulation functions............................................................................................. 652 Correlation Function Method (CFM).................................................................... 660 File menu ............................................................................................................... 661 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 661 View menu ............................................................................................................. 662 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 662 Window menu........................................................................................................ 662 Simulation functions............................................................................................. 663 User Defined File................................................................................................... 672 File menu ............................................................................................................... 673 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 674 View menu ............................................................................................................. 674 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 674 Window menu........................................................................................................ 674 Notes: ..................................................................................................................... 676 Mode 3D........................................................................................................ 677 File menu ............................................................................................................... 677 Edit menu............................................................................................................... 678 View menu ............................................................................................................. 678 Operations menu................................................................................................... 680 Simulation menu ................................................................................................... 680 Draw Tool menu .................................................................................................... 681 Preferences menu ................................................................................................. 681 Layout Designer Dialog boxes of Mode Solver 3D ............................................ 683 Layout Settings layout dialog box....................................................................... 702 Waveguide Colors layout dialog box .................................................................. 703 Notes: ..................................................................................................................... 704 User Guide of View 3D................................................................................. 705 Commands of View 3D ......................................................................................... 705 View menu ............................................................................................................. 707 Toolbars menu ...................................................................................................... 707 Status Bar menu.................................................................................................... 708 Settings menu ....................................................................................................... 711 Dialog boxes of View 3D....................................................................................... 713 Notes: ..................................................................................................................... 726
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The grid resolution (分辨率) % (dx = 2 mm) was chosen to provide at least 10 samples per % wavelength up through 15 GHz. % % To execute this M-file, type "fdtd3D" at the MATLAB prompt. % This M-file displays the FDTD-computed Ez fields at every other % time step (第一个时间步), and records those frames in a movie matrix, M, which % is played at the end of the simulation using the "movie" command. % %*********************************************************************** clear %*********************************************************************** % Fundamental constants %*********************************************************************** cc=2.99792458e8; %speed of light in free space muz=4.0*pi*1.0e-7; %permeability of free space epsz=1.0/(cc*cc*muz); %permittivity of free space %*********************************************************************** % Grid parameters %*********************************************************************** ie=50; %number of grid cells in x-direction je=24; %number of grid cells in y-direction ke=10; %number of grid cells in z-direction ib=ie+1; jb=je+1; kb=ke+1; is=26; %location of z-directed current source js=13; %location of z-directed current source kobs=5; dx=0.002; %space increment of cubic lattice dt=dx/(2.0*cc); %time step nmax=500; %total number of time steps %*********************************************************************** % Differentiated Gaussian pulse excitation %*********************************************************************** rtau=50.0e-12; tau=rtau/dt; ndelay=3*tau; srcconst=-dt*3.0e+11; %*********************************************************************** % Material parameters %*********************************************************************** eps=1.0; %相对介电常数 epsz，真空介电常数 sig=0.0; %相对电阻率 %*********************************************************************** % Updating coefficients %*********************************************************************** ca=(1.0-(dt*sig)/(2.0*epsz*eps))/(1.0+(dt*sig)/(2.0*epsz*eps)); cb=(dt/epsz/eps/dx)/(1.0+(dt*sig)/(2.0*epsz*eps)); da=1.0; db=dt/muz/dx; %*********************************************************************** % Field arrays %*********************************************************************** ex=zeros(ie,jb,kb); ey=zeros(ib,je,kb); ez=zeros(ib,jb,ke); hx=zeros(ib,je,ke); hy=zeros(ie,jb,ke); hz=zeros(ie,je,kb); %*********************************************************************** % Movie initialization %*********************************************************************** tview(:,:)=ez(:,:,kobs); sview(:,:)=ez(:,js,:); subplot('position',[0.15 0.45 0.7 0.45]), pcolor(tview'); %shading flat; %caxis([-1.0 1.0]); %colorbar; %axis image; title(['Ez(i,j,k=5), time step = 0']); xlabel('i coordinate'); ylabel('j coordinate'); subplot('position',[0.15 0.10 0.7 0.25]), pcolor(sview'); %shading flat; %caxis([-1.0 1.0]); %colorbar; %axis image; title(['Ez(i,j=13,k), time step = 0']); xlabel('i coordinate'); ylabel('k coordinate'); rect=get(gcf,'Position'); rect(1:2)=[0 0]; M=moviein(nmax/2,gcf,rect); %*********************************************************************** % BEGIN TIME-STEPPING LOOP %*********************************************************************** for n=1:nmax %*********************************************************************** % Update electric fields %*********************************************************************** ex(1:ie,2:je,2:ke)=ca*ex(1:ie,2:je,2:ke)+... cb*(hz(1:ie,2:je,2:ke)-hz(1:ie,1:je-1,2:ke)+... hy(1:ie,2:je,1:ke-1)-hy(1:ie,2:je,2:ke)); ey(2:ie,1:je,2:ke)=ca*ey(2:ie,1:je,2:ke)+... cb*(hx(2:ie,1:je,2:ke)-hx(2:ie,1:je,1:ke-1)+... hz(1:ie-1,1:je,2:ke)-hz(2:ie,1:je,2:ke)); ez(2:ie,2:je,1:ke)=ca*ez(2:ie,2:je,1:ke)+... cb*(hx(2:ie,1:je-1,1:ke)-hx(2:ie,2:je,1:ke)+... hy(2:ie,2:je,1:ke)-hy(1:ie-1,2:je,1:ke)); ez(is,js,1:ke)=ez(is,js,1:ke)+... srcconst*(n-ndelay)*exp(-((n-ndelay)^2/tau^2)); % J(t)=-J0*(t-t0)*exp(-(t-t0)^2/tau^2) %*********************************************************************** % Update magnetic fields %*********************************************************************** hx(2:ie,1:je,1:ke)=hx(2:ie,1:je,1:ke)+... db*(ey(2:ie,1:je,2:kb)-ey(2:ie,1:je,1:ke)+... ez(2:ie,1:je,1:ke)-ez(2:ie,2:jb,1:ke)); hy(1:ie,2:je,1:ke)=hy(1:ie,2:je,1:ke)+... db*(ex(1:ie,2:je,1:ke)-ex(1:ie,2:je,2:kb)+... ez(2:ib,2:je,1:ke)-ez(1:ie,2:je,1:ke)); hz(1:ie,1:je,2:ke)=hz(1:ie,1:je,2:ke)+... db*(ex(1:ie,2:jb,2:ke)-ex(1:ie,1:je,2:ke)+... ey(1:ie,1:je,2:ke)-ey(2:ib,1:je,2:ke)); %*********************************************************************** % Visualize fields %*********************************************************************** if mod(n,2)==0; timestep=int2str(n); tview(:,:)=ez(:,:,kobs); sview(:,:)=ez(:,js,:); subplot('position',[0.15 0.45 0.7 0.45]), pcolor(tview'); % shading flat; % caxis([-1.0 1.0]); % colorbar; % axis image; title(['Ez(i,j,k=5), time step = ',timestep]); xlabel('i coordinate'); ylabel('j coordinate'); subplot('position',[0.15 0.10 0.7 0.25]), pcolor(sview'); % shading flat; % caxis([-1.0 1.0]); % colorbar; % axis image; title(['Ez(i,j=13,k), time step = ',timestep]); xlabel('i coordinate'); ylabel('k coordinate'); nn=n/2; M(:,nn)=getframe(gcf,rect); end; %*********************************************************************** % END TIME-STEPPING LOOP %*********************************************************************** end movie(gcf,M,0,10,rect);
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