数据结构 11 之AVL
1 平衡树和AVL树
对于之前的二分搜索树，如果元素按照顺序添加进二分搜索树，会使树退化成为链表，
所以，需要一种机制来维持平衡二叉树的性质，AVL树就是一种最为经典的二分搜索树
由G.M.Adelson-Velsky和E.M.Landis 在1962年的论文首次提出
AVL树是最早的自平衡二分搜索树结构
什么是平衡二叉树?
1、首先一颗满的二叉树一定是一颗平衡二叉树
2、之前分析二分搜索树的时间复杂度的时候，是以满二叉树进行分析的，因为满的二叉树，树的高度最低，可以达到最低的算法复杂度。
3、满二叉树的定义：除了叶子结点之外，其他的结点都包含左右两个子树
4、完全二叉树：将元素按照树的结构一层一层的铺开，得到的结果，有可能有一个非叶子结点的右子树是空的，也就是
最大深度之差不会超过1，如下图所示：
线段树也是一种平衡的二叉树，有可能不是完全二叉树
AVL树中如何定义平衡二叉树：
对于任意一个结点：左子树和右子树的高度差不能超过1
注意区别：对于堆和线段树来说：是对于任意一个叶子结点：左子树和右子树的高度差不能超过1
所以，AVL定义的平衡二叉树有可能看起来不是那么的平衡
把这个树看作二分搜索树，那么添加元素2和7之后，树就已经不再是平衡二叉树了（对于8和12来说）
树已经发生向左偏斜
蓝色的数值代表平衡因子：左右子树的高度差
黑色的数字代表节点的高度
2 计算节点的高度值和平衡因子
基于之前集合和映射中实现的BSTMap来实现AVL树
public class AVLTree<K extends Comparable<K>, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public int height;
public Node(K key, V value){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
//新添加一个节点，节点的高度值都是1，
//二分搜索树会将每一个新元素添加到树的叶子节点
height = 1;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public AVLTree(){
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 获得节点node的高度
private int getHeight(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return node.height;
}
// 获得节点node的平衡因子
private int getBalanceFactor(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return getHeight(node.left) - getHeight(node.right);
}
// 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
public void add(K key, V value){
root = add(root, key, value);
}
// 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
// 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){
if(node == null){
size ++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
node.value = value;
// 更新height
node.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(node.left), getHeight(node.right));
// 计算平衡因子
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
System.out.println("unbalanced : " + balanceFactor);
return node;
}
// 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
private Node getNode(Node node, K key){
if(node == null)
return null;
if(key.equals(node.key))
return node;
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
return getNode(node.left, key);
else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
// 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
private Node minimum(Node node){
if(node.left == null)
return node;
return minimum(node.left);
}
// 删除掉以node为根的二分搜索树中的最小节点
// 返回删除节点后新的二分搜索树的根
private Node removeMin(Node node){
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
node.left = removeMin(node.left);
return node;
}
// 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
public V remove(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node != null){
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key){
if( node == null )
return null;
if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
node.left = remove(node.left , key);
return node;
}
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
return node;
}
else{ // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
// 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
// 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
if(node.right == null){
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size --;
return leftNode;
}
// 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况
// 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
// 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
return successor;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
AVLTree<String, Integer> map = new AVLTree<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
}
System.out.println();
}
}
可以看出虽然之前由二分搜索树实现的Map相比链表实现的map性能已经得到很高的提升，但是树已经
变得很不平衡，有的节点的平衡因子绝对值已经达到18，相比平衡二叉树，还有很大的性能提升空间
........
unbalanced : 7
unbalanced : 3
unbalanced : -11
unbalanced : 14
unbalanced : 9
unbalanced : -16
unbalanced : -10
unbalanced : -9
unbalanced : 8
unbalanced : 4
unbalanced : 7
unbalanced : -3
unbalanced : -12
unbalanced : 11
unbalanced : -3
unbalanced : 18
unbalanced : 3
unbalanced : 4
unbalanced : 7
unbalanced : -5
unbalanced : 15
unbalanced : -3
unbalanced : 4
unbalanced : 7
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
Process finished with exit code 0
3 检查二分搜索树性质和平衡性
判断一个树是否满足二分搜索树的性质：
将树进行中序遍历，看元素是否按照从小到大的顺序进行排列
给AVL树加上判断是否是二分搜索树和是否平衡二叉树的方法
public class AVLTree<K extends Comparable<K>, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public int height;
public Node(K key, V value){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
height = 1;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public AVLTree(){
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵二分搜索树
public boolean isBST(){
ArrayList<K> keys = new ArrayList<>();
inOrder(root, keys);
for(int i = 1 ; i < keys.size() ; i ++)
if(keys.get(i - 1).compareTo(keys.get(i)) > 0)
return false;
return true;
}
private void inOrder(Node node, ArrayList<K> keys){
if(node == null)
return;
inOrder(node.left, keys);
keys.add(node.key);
inOrder(node.right, keys);
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树
public boolean isBalanced(){
return isBalanced(root);
}
// 判断以Node为根的二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树，递归算法
private boolean isBalanced(Node node){
if(node == null)
return true;
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
return false;
return isBalanced(node.left) && isBalanced(node.right);
}
// 获得节点node的高度
private int getHeight(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return node.height;
}
// 获得节点node的平衡因子
private int getBalanceFactor(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return getHeight(node.left) - getHeight(node.right);
}
// 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
public void add(K key, V value){
root = add(root, key, value);
}
// 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
// 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){
if(node == null){
size ++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
node.value = value;
// 更新height
node.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(node.left), getHeight(node.right));
// 计算平衡因子
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
System.out.println("unbalanced : " + balanceFactor);
return node;
}
// 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
private Node getNode(Node node, K key){
if(node == null)
return null;
if(key.equals(node.key))
return node;
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
return getNode(node.left, key);
else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
// 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
private Node minimum(Node node){
if(node.left == null)
return node;
return minimum(node.left);
}
// 删除掉以node为根的二分搜索树中的最小节点
// 返回删除节点后新的二分搜索树的根
private Node removeMin(Node node){
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
node.left = removeMin(node.left);
return node;
}
// 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
public V remove(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node != null){
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key){
if( node == null )
return null;
if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
node.left = remove(node.left , key);
return node;
}
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
return node;
}
else{ // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
// 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
// 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
if(node.right == null){
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size --;
return leftNode;
}
// 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况
// 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
// 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
return successor;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
AVLTree<String, Integer> map = new AVLTree<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
System.out.println("is BST : " + map.isBST());
System.out.println("is Balanced : " + map.isBalanced());
}
System.out.println();
}
}
unbalanced : 7
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
is BST : true
is Balanced : false
Process finished with exit code 0
4 AVL树的旋转原理
5 左旋和右旋的实现
public class AVLTree<K extends Comparable<K>, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public int height;
public Node(K key, V value){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
height = 1;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public AVLTree(){
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵二分搜索树
public boolean isBST(){
ArrayList<K> keys = new ArrayList<>();
inOrder(root, keys);
for(int i = 1 ; i < keys.size() ; i ++)
if(keys.get(i - 1).compareTo(keys.get(i)) > 0)
return false;
return true;
}
private void inOrder(Node node, ArrayList<K> keys){
if(node == null)
return;
inOrder(node.left, keys);
keys.add(node.key);
inOrder(node.right, keys);
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树
public boolean isBalanced(){
return isBalanced(root);
}
// 判断以Node为根的二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树，递归算法
private boolean isBalanced(Node node){
if(node == null)
return true;
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
return false;
return isBalanced(node.left) && isBalanced(node.right);
}
// 获得节点node的高度
private int getHeight(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return node.height;
}
// 获得节点node的平衡因子
private int getBalanceFactor(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return getHeight(node.left) - getHeight(node.right);
}
// 对节点y进行向右旋转操作，返回旋转后新的根节点x
// y x
// / \ / \
// x T4 向右旋转 (y) z y
// / \ - - - - - - - -> / \ / \
// z T3 T1 T2 T3 T4
// / \
// T1 T2
private Node rightRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.left;
Node T3 = x.right;
// 向右旋转过程
x.right = y;
y.left = T3;
// 更新height
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
// 对节点y进行向左旋转操作，返回旋转后新的根节点x
// y x
// / \ / \
// T1 x 向左旋转 (y) y z
// / \ - - - - - - - -> / \ / \
// T2 z T1 T2 T3 T4
// / \
// T3 T4
private Node leftRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.right;
Node T2 = x.left;
// 向左旋转过程
x.left = y;
y.right = T2;
// 更新height
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
// 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
public void add(K key, V value){
root = add(root, key, value);
}
// 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
// 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){
if(node == null){
size ++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
node.value = value;
// 更新height
node.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(node.left), getHeight(node.right));
// 计算平衡因子
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
// if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
// System.out.println("unbalanced : " + balanceFactor);
// 平衡维护
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) >= 0)
return rightRotate(node);
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) <= 0)
return leftRotate(node);
return node;
}
// 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
private Node getNode(Node node, K key){
if(node == null)
return null;
if(key.equals(node.key))
return node;
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
return getNode(node.left, key);
else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
// 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
private Node minimum(Node node){
if(node.left == null)
return node;
return minimum(node.left);
}
// 删除掉以node为根的二分搜索树中的最小节点
// 返回删除节点后新的二分搜索树的根
private Node removeMin(Node node){
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
node.left = removeMin(node.left);
return node;
}
// 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
public V remove(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node != null){
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key){
if( node == null )
return null;
if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
node.left = remove(node.left , key);
return node;
}
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
return node;
}
else{ // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
// 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
// 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
if(node.right == null){
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size --;
return leftNode;
}
// 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况
// 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
// 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
return successor;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
AVLTree<String, Integer> map = new AVLTree<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
System.out.println("is BST : " + map.isBST());
System.out.println("is Balanced : " + map.isBalanced());
}
System.out.println();
}
}
6 LR和RL
以上情况是LL和RR的情况,我们新插入的节点是在y节点的左侧的左侧，或者右节点的右侧
还有一种特殊情况
public class AVLTree<K extends Comparable<K>, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public int height;
public Node(K key, V value){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
height = 1;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public AVLTree(){
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵二分搜索树
public boolean isBST(){
ArrayList<K> keys = new ArrayList<>();
inOrder(root, keys);
for(int i = 1 ; i < keys.size() ; i ++)
if(keys.get(i - 1).compareTo(keys.get(i)) > 0)
return false;
return true;
}
private void inOrder(Node node, ArrayList<K> keys){
if(node == null)
return;
inOrder(node.left, keys);
keys.add(node.key);
inOrder(node.right, keys);
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树
public boolean isBalanced(){
return isBalanced(root);
}
// 判断以Node为根的二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树，递归算法
private boolean isBalanced(Node node){
if(node == null)
return true;
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
return false;
return isBalanced(node.left) && isBalanced(node.right);
}
// 获得节点node的高度
private int getHeight(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return node.height;
}
// 获得节点node的平衡因子
private int getBalanceFactor(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return getHeight(node.left) - getHeight(node.right);
}
// 对节点y进行向右旋转操作，返回旋转后新的根节点x
// y x
// / \ / \
// x T4 向右旋转 (y) z y
// / \ - - - - - - - -> / \ / \
// z T3 T1 T2 T3 T4
// / \
// T1 T2
private Node rightRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.left;
Node T3 = x.right;
// 向右旋转过程
x.right = y;
y.left = T3;
// 更新height
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
// 对节点y进行向左旋转操作，返回旋转后新的根节点x
// y x
// / \ / \
// T1 x 向左旋转 (y) y z
// / \ - - - - - - - -> / \ / \
// T2 z T1 T2 T3 T4
// / \
// T3 T4
private Node leftRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.right;
Node T2 = x.left;
// 向左旋转过程
x.left = y;
y.right = T2;
// 更新height
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
// 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
public void add(K key, V value){
root = add(root, key, value);
}
// 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
// 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){
if(node == null){
size ++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
node.value = value;
// 更新height
node.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(node.left), getHeight(node.right));
// 计算平衡因子
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
// 平衡维护
//LL
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) >= 0)
return rightRotate(node);
//RR
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) <= 0)
return leftRotate(node);
//LR
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) < 0) {
node.left = leftRotate(node.left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
//RL
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) > 0) {
node.right = rightRotate(node.right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
return node;
}
// 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
private Node getNode(Node node, K key){
if(node == null)
return null;
if(key.equals(node.key))
return node;
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
return getNode(node.left, key);
else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
// 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
private Node minimum(Node node){
if(node.left == null)
return node;
return minimum(node.left);
}
// 删除掉以node为根的二分搜索树中的最小节点
// 返回删除节点后新的二分搜索树的根
private Node removeMin(Node node){
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
node.left = removeMin(node.left);
return node;
}
// 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
public V remove(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node != null){
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key){
if( node == null )
return null;
if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
node.left = remove(node.left , key);
return node;
}
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
return node;
}
else{ // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
// 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
return rightNode;
}
// 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
if(node.right == null){
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size --;
return leftNode;
}
// 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况
// 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
// 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
return successor;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
AVLTree<String, Integer> map = new AVLTree<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
System.out.println("is BST : " + map.isBST());
System.out.println("is Balanced : " + map.isBalanced());
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
BST: 18.7323508 s
AVL: 0.1322257 s
Process finished with exit code 0
7 AVL删除元素
public class AVLTree<K extends Comparable<K>, V> {
private class Node{
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public int height;
public Node(K key, V value){
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
height = 1;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public AVLTree(){
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵二分搜索树
public boolean isBST(){
ArrayList<K> keys = new ArrayList<>();
inOrder(root, keys);
for(int i = 1 ; i < keys.size() ; i ++)
if(keys.get(i - 1).compareTo(keys.get(i)) > 0)
return false;
return true;
}
private void inOrder(Node node, ArrayList<K> keys){
if(node == null)
return;
inOrder(node.left, keys);
keys.add(node.key);
inOrder(node.right, keys);
}
// 判断该二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树
public boolean isBalanced(){
return isBalanced(root);
}
// 判断以Node为根的二叉树是否是一棵平衡二叉树，递归算法
private boolean isBalanced(Node node){
if(node == null)
return true;
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if(Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1)
return false;
return isBalanced(node.left) && isBalanced(node.right);
}
// 获得节点node的高度
private int getHeight(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return node.height;
}
// 获得节点node的平衡因子
private int getBalanceFactor(Node node){
if(node == null)
return 0;
return getHeight(node.left) - getHeight(node.right);
}
// 对节点y进行向右旋转操作，返回旋转后新的根节点x
// y x
// / \ / \
// x T4 向右旋转 (y) z y
// / \ - - - - - - - -> / \ / \
// z T3 T1 T2 T3 T4
// / \
// T1 T2
private Node rightRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.left;
Node T3 = x.right;
// 向右旋转过程
x.right = y;
y.left = T3;
// 更新height
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
// 对节点y进行向左旋转操作，返回旋转后新的根节点x
// y x
// / \ / \
// T1 x 向左旋转 (y) y z
// / \ - - - - - - - -> / \ / \
// T2 z T1 T2 T3 T4
// / \
// T3 T4
private Node leftRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.right;
Node T2 = x.left;
// 向左旋转过程
x.left = y;
y.right = T2;
// 更新height
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
// 向二分搜索树中添加新的元素(key, value)
public void add(K key, V value){
root = add(root, key, value);
}
// 向以node为根的二分搜索树中插入元素(key, value)，递归算法
// 返回插入新节点后二分搜索树的根
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value){
if(node == null){
size ++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
node.value = value;
// 更新height
node.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(node.left), getHeight(node.right));
// 计算平衡因子
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
// 平衡维护
// LL
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) >= 0)
return rightRotate(node);
// RR
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) <= 0)
return leftRotate(node);
// LR
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) < 0) {
node.left = leftRotate(node.left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
// RL
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) > 0) {
node.right = rightRotate(node.right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
return node;
}
// 返回以node为根节点的二分搜索树中，key所在的节点
private Node getNode(Node node, K key){
if(node == null)
return null;
if(key.equals(node.key))
return node;
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) < 0)
return getNode(node.left, key);
else // if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
public boolean contains(K key){
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
public V get(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
public void set(K key, V newValue){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
node.value = newValue;
}
// 返回以node为根的二分搜索树的最小值所在的节点
private Node minimum(Node node){
if(node.left == null)
return node;
return minimum(node.left);
}
// 从二分搜索树中删除键为key的节点
public V remove(K key){
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if(node != null){
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key){
if( node == null )
return null;
Node retNode;
if( key.compareTo(node.key) < 0 ){
node.left = remove(node.left , key);
// return node;
retNode = node;
}
else if(key.compareTo(node.key) > 0 ){
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
// return node;
retNode = node;
}
else{ // key.compareTo(node.key) == 0
// 待删除节点左子树为空的情况
if(node.left == null){
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size --;
// return rightNode;
retNode = rightNode;
}
// 待删除节点右子树为空的情况
else if(node.right == null){
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size --;
// return leftNode;
retNode = leftNode;
}
// 待删除节点左右子树均不为空的情况
else{
// 找到比待删除节点大的最小节点, 即待删除节点右子树的最小节点
// 用这个节点顶替待删除节点的位置
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
//successor.right = removeMin(node.right);
successor.right = remove(node.right, successor.key);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
// return successor;
retNode = successor;
}
}
if(retNode == null)
return null;
// 更新height
retNode.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(retNode.left), getHeight(retNode.right));
// 计算平衡因子
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(retNode);
// 平衡维护
// LL
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.left) >= 0)
return rightRotate(retNode);
// RR
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.right) <= 0)
return leftRotate(retNode);
// LR
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.left) < 0) {
retNode.left = leftRotate(retNode.left);
return rightRotate(retNode);
}
// RL
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.right) > 0) {
retNode.right = rightRotate(retNode.right);
return leftRotate(retNode);
}
return retNode;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile("pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
AVLTree<String, Integer> map = new AVLTree<>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
System.out.println("is BST : " + map.isBST());
System.out.println("is Balanced : " + map.isBalanced());
for(String word: words){
map.remove(word);
if(!map.isBST() || !map.isBalanced())
throw new RuntimeException();
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}
Pride and Prejudice
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
is BST : true
is Balanced : true
8 基于AVL树的集合和映射
public interface Map<K, V> {
void add(K key, V value);
boolean contains(K key);
V get(K key);
void set(K key, V newValue);
V remove(K key);
int getSize();
boolean isEmpty();
}
public class AVLMap<K extends Comparable<K>, V> implements Map<K, V> {
private AVLTree<K, V> avl;
public AVLMap(){
avl = new AVLTree<>();
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return avl.getSize();
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return avl.isEmpty();
}
@Override
public void add(K key, V value){
avl.add(key, value);
}
@Override
public boolean contains(K key){
return avl.contains(key);
}
@Override
public V get(K key){
return avl.get(key);
}
@Override
public void set(K key, V newValue){
avl.set(key, newValue);
}
@Override
public V remove(K key){
return avl.remove(key);
}
}
public class TestMapMain {
private static double testMap(Map<String, Integer> map, String filename){
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println(filename);
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile(filename, words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
for (String word : words){
if(map.contains(word))
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
else
map.add(word, 1);
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
}
long endTime = System.nanoTime();
return (endTime - startTime) / 1000000000.0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String filename = "pride-and-prejudice.txt";
BSTMap<String, Integer> bstMap = new BSTMap<>();
double time1 = testMap(bstMap, filename);
System.out.println("BST Map: " + time1 + " s");
System.out.println();
LinkedListMap<String, Integer> linkedListMap = new LinkedListMap<>();
double time2 = testMap(linkedListMap, filename);
System.out.println("Linked List Map: " + time2 + " s");
System.out.println();
AVLMap<String, Integer> avlMap = new AVLMap<>();
double time3 = testMap(avlMap, filename);
System.out.println("AVL Map: " + time3 + " s");
}
}
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
BST Map: 0.492197 s
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
Linked List Map: 14.0223103 s
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Frequency of PRIDE: 53
Frequency of PREJUDICE: 11
AVL Map: 0.2368825 s
Process finished with exit code 0
public interface Set<E> {
void add(E e);
boolean contains(E e);
void remove(E e);
int getSize();
boolean isEmpty();
}
public class AVLSet<E extends Comparable<E>> implements Set<E> {
private AVLTree<E, Object> avl;
public AVLSet(){
avl = new AVLTree<>();
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return avl.getSize();
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return avl.isEmpty();
}
@Override
public void add(E e){
avl.add(e, null);
}
@Override
public boolean contains(E e){
return avl.contains(e);
}
@Override
public void remove(E e){
avl.remove(e);
}
}
public class TestSetMain {
private static double testSet(Set<String> set, String filename){
long startTime = System.nanoTime();
System.out.println(filename);
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if(FileOperation.readFile(filename, words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
for (String word : words)
set.add(word);
System.out.println("Total different words: " + set.getSize());
}
long endTime = System.nanoTime();
return (endTime - startTime) / 1000000000.0;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String filename = "pride-and-prejudice.txt";
BSTSet<String> bstSet = new BSTSet<>();
double time1 = testSet(bstSet, filename);
System.out.println("BST Set: " + time1 + " s");
System.out.println();
LinkedListSet<String> linkedListSet = new LinkedListSet<>();
double time2 = testSet(linkedListSet, filename);
System.out.println("Linked List Set: " + time2 + " s");
System.out.println();
AVLSet<String> avlSet = new AVLSet<>();
double time3 = testSet(avlSet, filename);
System.out.println("AVL Set: " + time3 + " s");
}
}
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
BST Set: 0.5025296 s
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
Linked List Set: 3.3377719 s
pride-and-prejudice.txt
Total words: 125901
Total different words: 6530
AVL Set: 0.0835094 s
Process finished with exit code 0
3102
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