1.功、平均值、概率
Ex:
平均值:
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\frac{y_1+y_2+...+y_n}{n} \to \frac{1}{b-a}\int_z^bf(x)dx
ny1+y2+...+yn→b−a1∫zbf(x)dx
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a=x_0<x_1<x_2<...<x_n=b\\ y_1=f(x_1),y_2=f(x_2),y_3=f(x_3)\\ 黎曼和:\\ \frac{(y_1+....+y_n)\Delta x}{b-a} \to \frac{\int_a^bf(x)dx}{b-a} (\Delta x \to \infty)\\ \frac{\Delta x}{b-a}=\frac{1}{n}
a=x0<x1<x2<...<xn=by1=f(x1),y2=f(x2),y3=f(x3)黎曼和:b−a(y1+....+yn)Δx→b−a∫abf(x)dx(Δx→∞)b−aΔx=n1
Ex:
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f(x)=C
f(x)=C求平均值。
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\frac{1}{b-a}\int_a^bCdx=C
b−a1∫abCdx=C
Ex:
点在单位半圆上的平均高度
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\frac{1}{1-(-1)}*\int_{-1}^1\sqrt{1-x^2}dx=\frac{1}{2}*\frac{n}{2}=\frac{\pi}{4}
1−(−1)1∗∫−111−x2dx=21∗2n=4π
Ex:
上图弧长的平均值
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(0 \leq \theta \leq \pi)
(0≤θ≤π)
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\frac{1}{\pi}\int_0^{\theta}sin \theta d \theta =-\frac{1}{\pi}*cos \theta |_0^{\pi}=\frac{-1}{\pi}(-2)=\frac{2}{\pi}
π1∫0θsinθdθ=−π1∗cosθ∣0π=π−1(−2)=π2
加权平均值:
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\frac{\int_a^bf(x)w(x)dx}{\int_a^bw(x)dx}
∫abw(x)dx∫abf(x)w(x)dx
- 解释1:
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AVC(C)=C
AVC(C)=C
∫ a b C w ( x ) d x ∫ a b w ( x ) d x = C ∫ a b w ( x ) d x ∫ a b w ( x ) d x = C \frac{\int_a^bCw(x)dx}{\int_a^bw(x)dx}=\frac{C\int_a^bw(x)dx}{\int_a^bw(x)dx}=C ∫abw(x)dx∫abCw(x)dx=∫abw(x)dxC∫abw(x)dx=C - 解释2:股票例子
10 w 1 + 20 w 2 + 30 w 3 w 1 + w 2 + w 3 \frac{10w_1+20w_2+30w_3}{w_1+w_2+w_3} w1+w2+w310w1+20w2+30w3
Ex:
坩埚例子:
初始: T = 0 T=0 T=0
最终: T = 100 − 30 y T=100-30y T=100−30y
能量= 体积 * 温度
∫ 0 1 T π x 2 d y = ∫ 0 1 ( 100 − 30 y ) π y d y = ∫ 0 1 100 π y − 30 π y 2 d y = 50 π y 2 − 10 π y 3 ∣ 0 1 = 40 π \int_0^1T\pi x^2dy\\ =\int_0^1(100-30y)\pi ydy\\ =\int_0^1100\pi y-30\pi y^2dy\\ =50\pi y^2-10\pi y^3|_0^1\\ =40\pi ∫01Tπx2dy=∫01(100−30y)πydy=∫01100πy−30πy2dy=50πy2−10πy3∣01=40π
最后的平均温度:
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\frac{\int_0^1T\pi y dy}{\int_0^1\pi y dy}=\frac{40 \pi}{\frac{\pi}{2}}=80^0
∫01πydy∫01Tπydy=2π40π=800
平常的平均温度:
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\frac{T_{max}+T_{min}}{2}=\frac{100+70}{2}=85^0
2Tmax+Tmin=2100+70=850
2. 概率
Ex:
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0<y<1-x^2
0<y<1−x2,使得
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概
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y>\frac{1}{2}的概率
y>21的概率
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\frac{\int_\frac{1}{2}^1(1-x^2)dx}{\int_{-1}^{1}(1-x^2)dx}=P(x>\frac{1}{2})
∫−11(1−x2)dx∫211(1−x2)dx=P(x>21)
求概率的通常的公式:
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a \leq x_1 \leq x_2 \leq b,P(x_1<x<x_2)=\frac{\int_{x_1}^{x_2}w(x)dx}{\int_a^bw(x)dx}=\frac{Part}{Total}
a≤x1≤x2≤b,P(x1<x<x2)=∫abw(x)dx∫x1x2w(x)dx=TotalPart
Ex:
靶子问题:
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f=Ce^{-r^2}
f=Ce−r2(模型)
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PART=\int_{r_1}^{r_2}2\pi re^{-r^2}dr\\ =-\pi e^{-r^2}|_{r_1}^{r_2}\\ =\pi(e^{-r_1^2}-e^{-r_2^2})\\ PART=C\pi(e^{-r_1^2}-e^{-r_2^2})\\ Whole=C\pi(e^{0^2}-e^{-\infty^2})\\ =C\pi\\ \frac{PART}{WHOLE}=e^{r_1^2}-e^{r_2^2}
PART=∫r1r22πre−r2dr=−πe−r2∣r1r2=π(e−r12−e−r22)PART=Cπ(e−r12−e−r22)Whole=Cπ(e02−e−∞2)=CπWHOLEPART=er12−er22
Ex:
假设在靶子旁边站着一个人。求小人被射中的概率。
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\frac{2}{12}*P(2a<r<3a)=?
122∗P(2a<r<3a)=?
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P(0<r<a)=\frac{1}{2}\\ e^{-0^2}-e^{-a^2}=\frac{1}{2}\\ e^{-a^2}=\frac{1}{2}\\ P(2a<r<3a)=e^{-(2a)^2}-e^{-(3a)^2}\\ =e^{(-a^2)^4}-e^{(-a^2)^9}\\ =(\frac{1}{2})^4-\frac{1}{2}^9\\ \approx \frac{1}{16}
P(0<r<a)=21e−02−e−a2=21e−a2=21P(2a<r<3a)=e−(2a)2−e−(3a)2=e(−a2)4−e(−a2)9=(21)4−219≈161
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32
\frac{2}{12}*P(2a<r<3a)=\frac{1}{32}
122∗P(2a<r<3a)=321.
权重为:
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w(r)=2\pi c t e^{-2}
w(r)=2πcte−2