不定型和洛必达法则
Ex 1.
lim
x
−
>
1
x
10
−
1
x
2
−
1
,
(
0
0
)
不
定
式
。
\lim_{x->1} {\frac{x^{10}-1}{x^2 - 1}},(\frac{0}{0})不定式。
limx−>1x2−1x10−1,(00)不定式。
l
i
m
x
−
>
1
x
10
−
1
x
−
1
x
2
−
1
x
−
1
=
10
x
9
2
x
=
10
2
=
5
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
分
割
线
f
(
x
)
=
x
10
−
1
f
(
1
)
=
0
f
(
x
)
−
f
(
1
)
x
−
1
=
f
′
(
x
)
∣
x
−
>
1
f
′
(
x
)
=
10
x
9
lim_{x->1}{\frac{\frac{x^{10}-1}{x-1}}{\frac{x^2-1}{x-1}}}\\ =\frac{10x^9}{2x}\\ =\frac{10}{2}\\ =5\\ -----------------分割线\\ f(x)=x^{10}-1\\ f(1)=0\\ \frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x-1}=f'(x)|_{x->1}\\ f'(x)=10x^9
limx−>1x−1x2−1x−1x10−1=2x10x9=210=5−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−分割线f(x)=x10−1f(1)=0x−1f(x)−f(1)=f′(x)∣x−>1f′(x)=10x9
总结:
l
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a
f
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g
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=
lim
x
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a
f
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x
−
a
g
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x
−
a
=
lim
x
→
a
f
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x
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−
f
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a
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x
−
a
=
f
′
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a
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g
′
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a
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(
g
′
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a
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=
≠
0
)
lim_{x \to a} \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\lim_{x \to a}\frac{\frac{f(x)}{x-a}}{\frac{g(x)}{x-a}}=\lim_{x \to a}\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}=\frac{f'(a)}{g'(a)}(g'(a) =\neq 0)
limx→ag(x)f(x)=x→alimx−ag(x)x−af(x)=x→alimx−af(x)−f(a)=g′(a)f′(a)(g′(a)≠=0)
(1) 由上可知: 洛必达法则
lim
x
→
a
f
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
=
lim
x
→
a
f
′
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g
′
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x
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(
f
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x
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=
g
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x
)
=
0
或
±
∞
\lim_{x \to a}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\lim_{x \to a} \frac{f'(x)}{g'(x)} (f(x) = g(x) = 0或 \pm \infty
x→alimg(x)f(x)=x→alimg′(x)f′(x)(f(x)=g(x)=0或±∞
Ex 2: lim x → 0 s i n 5 x s i n 2 x = lim x → 0 5 c o s 5 x 2 c o s 2 x = 5 2 \lim_{x \to 0} \frac{sin 5x}{sin2x}=\lim_{x \to 0}\frac{5cos5x}{2cos2x}=\frac{5}{2} x→0limsin2xsin5x=x→0lim2cos2x5cos5x=25
Ex 3:
c
o
s
x
−
1
x
2
∼
x
→
0
−
s
i
n
x
2
x
∼
x
→
0
−
c
o
s
x
2
=
−
1
2
\frac{cosx - 1}{x^2}\sim_{x \to0 }\frac{-sinx}{2x} \sim_{x \to0 }\frac{-cosx}{2}=\frac{-1}{2}
x2cosx−1∼x→02x−sinx∼x→02−cosx=2−1
(2)与逼近法相比较:
Ex 4: 与EX2 、Ex3对比:
s
i
n
u
≈
u
,
u
≈
0
s
i
n
5
x
s
i
n
2
x
≈
5
x
2
x
=
5
2
,
x
→
a
sinu \approx u,u \approx 0\\ \frac{sin5x}{sin2x} \approx \frac{5x}{2x} =\frac{5}{2}, x \to a\\
sinu≈u,u≈0sin2xsin5x≈2x5x=25,x→a
c o s x − 1 x 2 ≈ x ≈ 0 ( 1 − x 2 2 ) − 1 x 2 = − x 2 2 x 2 = − 1 2 \frac{cosx - 1}{x^2} \approx_{x \approx 0} \frac{(1-\frac{x^2}{2}) - 1}{x^2}=\frac{\frac{-x^2}{2}}{x^2}=\frac{-1}{2} x2cosx−1≈x≈0x2(1−2x2)−1=x22−x2=2−1
Ex 5:
lim
x
→
0
+
x
l
n
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
l
n
x
1
x
=
lim
x
→
0
+
1
x
−
1
x
2
=
lim
x
→
0
+
(
−
x
)
=
0
\lim_{x \to 0^+}x lnx = \lim_{x \to 0^+} \frac{lnx}{\frac{1}{x}}=\lim_{x \to 0^+}{\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{-1}{x^2}}}=\lim_{x \to 0^+}(-x) = 0
x→0+limxlnx=x→0+limx1lnx=x→0+limx2−1x1=x→0+lim(−x)=0
Ex 6:
lim
x
→
∞
x
e
−
p
x
=
lim
x
→
∞
x
e
p
x
=
lim
x
→
∞
1
p
e
p
x
(
p
>
0
)
\lim_{x \to \infty }x e^{-px}= \lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{x}{e^{px}}=\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{1}{pe^{px}} (p>0)
x→∞limxe−px=x→∞limepxx=x→∞limpepx1(p>0)
Ex 7:
lim
x
→
∞
e
p
x
x
100
=
(
lim
x
→
∞
e
p
x
100
x
)
100
=
(
lim
x
→
∞
p
100
e
p
x
100
1
)
100
=
∞
\lim_{x \to \infty} \frac{e^{px}}{x^{100}}=(\lim_{x \to \infty}{\frac{e^\frac{px}{100}}{x}})^{100}=(\lim_{x \to \infty}\frac{\frac{p}{100}e ^{\frac{px}{100}} }{1})^{100}=\infty
x→∞limx100epx=(x→∞limxe100px)100=(x→∞lim1100pe100px)100=∞
Ex 8:
l
n
x
x
1
3
∼
x
→
∞
1
x
1
3
x
−
2
3
=
3
x
2
3
−
1
=
3
x
−
1
3
=
1
3
x
3
\frac{lnx}{x^{\frac{1}{3}}} \sim_{x \to \infty} \frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{3} x^{\frac{-2}{3}}} =3x^{\frac{2}{3}-1}=3x^{\frac{-1}{3}}=\frac{1}{3x^3}
x31lnx∼x→∞31x3−2x1=3x32−1=3x3−1=3x31
Ex 9:
0
o
=
1
,
lim
x
→
0
+
x
x
=
1
x
x
=
e
x
l
n
x
,
x
l
n
x
=
l
n
x
1
x
=
1
x
1
x
2
=
x
∼
0
0^o = 1,\lim_{x \to 0^+} x^x = 1\\ x^x = e^{xlnx},xlnx=\frac{lnx}{\frac{1}{x}}=\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{x^2}}=x \sim 0
0o=1,x→0+limxx=1xx=exlnx,xlnx=x1lnx=x21x1=x∼0
Ex 10:
s
i
n
x
x
2
∼
x
→
0
c
o
s
x
2
x
∼
−
s
i
n
x
2
∼
0
逼
近
法
:
x
→
s
i
n
x
原
式
=
x
x
2
=
1
x
→
∞
\frac{sin x}{x^2} \sim_{x \to 0} \frac{cos x}{2x} \sim \frac{-sinx}{2}\sim0\\ 逼近法:x \to sinx\\ 原式=\frac{x}{x^2}=\frac{1}{x} \to \infty
x2sinx∼x→02xcosx∼2−sinx∼0逼近法:x→sinx原式=x2x=x1→∞
Ex 11:
x
5
+
2
x
4
+
1
x
4
+
2
→
x
→
∞
×
1
x
5
1
−
2
x
+
1
x
5
1
x
+
2
x
5
∼
1
1
x
=
x
→
∞
\frac{x^5+2x^4+1}{x^4+2} \to_{x \rightarrow\infty}^{\times \frac{1}{x^ 5}} \frac{1-\frac{2}{x}+\frac{1}{x^5}}{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{2}{x^5}} \sim\frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}=x \to\infty
x4+2x5+2x4+1→x→∞×x51x1+x521−x2+x51∼x11=x→∞