MIT_单变量微积分_31

不定型和洛必达法则

Ex 1. ${\lim }_{x->1}\frac{x^{10}-1}{x^2-1},(\frac{0}{0})不定式。$
$$\begin{gathered} li{m}_{x->1}\frac{\frac{x^{10}-1}{x-1}}{\frac{x^2-1}{x-1}} \\ =\frac{10x^9}{2x} \\ =\frac{10}{2} \\ =5 \\ -----------------分割线 \\ f(x)=x^{10}-1 \\ f(1)=0 \\ \frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x-1}=f^{\prime }(x){|}_{x->1} \\ {f}^{\prime }(x)=10x^9 \end{gathered}$$

总结：
$$li{m}_{x\to a}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x\to a}{\lim }\frac{\frac{f(x)}{x-a}}{\frac{g(x)}{x-a}}=\underset{x\to a}{\lim }\frac{f(x)-f(a)}{x-a}=\frac{f^{\prime }(a)}{g^{\prime }(a)}(g^{\prime }(a)≠=0)$$

（1） 由上可知: 洛必达法则
$$\underset{x\to a}{\lim }\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\underset{x\to a}{\lim }\frac{f^{\prime }(x)}{g^{\prime }(x)}（f(x)=g(x)=0或\pm \infty$$

Ex 2:$$\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{sin5x}{sin2x}=\underset{x\to 0}{\lim }\frac{5cos5x}{2cos2x}=\frac{5}{2}$$

Ex 3:$$\frac{cosx-1}{x^2}{\sim }_{x\to 0}\frac{-sinx}{2x}{\sim }_{x\to 0}\frac{-cosx}{2}=\frac{-1}{2}$$
(2)与逼近法相比较：
Ex 4: 与EX2 、Ex3对比：
$$\begin{gathered} sinu\approx u,u\approx 0 \\ \frac{sin5x}{sin2x}\approx \frac{5x}{2x}=\frac{5}{2},x\to a \end{gathered}$$

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$$\frac{cosx-1}{x^2}{\approx }_{x\approx 0}\frac{(1-\frac{x^2}{2})-1}{x^2}=\frac{\frac{-x^2}{2}}{x^2}=\frac{-1}{2}$$

Ex 5:
$$\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }xlnx=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{lnx}{\frac{1}{x}}=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{-1}{x^2}}=\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }(-x)=0$$

Ex 6:
$$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }x{e}^{-px}=\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{x}{e^{px}}=\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{1}{p{e}^{px}}(p>0)$$

Ex 7:
$$\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{e^{px}}{x^{100}}=(\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{e^{\frac{px}{100}}}{x}{)}^{100}=(\underset{x\to \infty }{\lim }\frac{\frac{p}{100}{e}^{\frac{px}{100}}}{1}{)}^{100}=\infty$$

Ex 8:
$$\frac{lnx}{x^{\frac{1}{3}}}{\sim }_{x\to \infty }\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{3}{x}^{\frac{-2}{3}}}=3x^{\frac{2}{3}-1}=3x^{\frac{-1}{3}}=\frac{1}{3x^3}$$

Ex 9:
$$\begin{gathered} 0^o=1,\underset{x\to 0^{+}}{\lim }{x}^x=1 \\ {x}^x=e^{xlnx},xlnx=\frac{lnx}{\frac{1}{x}}=\frac{\frac{1}{x}}{\frac{1}{x^2}}=x\sim 0 \end{gathered}$$

Ex 10:
$$\begin{gathered} \frac{sinx}{x^2}{\sim }_{x\to 0}\frac{cosx}{2x}\sim \frac{-sinx}{2}\sim 0 \\ 逼近法：x\to sinx \\ 原式=\frac{x}{x^2}=\frac{1}{x}\to \infty \end{gathered}$$

Ex 11:
$$\frac{x^5+2x^4+1}{x^4+2}{\to }_{x\to \infty }^{\times \frac{1}{x^5}}\frac{1-\frac{2}{x}+\frac{1}{x^5}}{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{2}{x^5}}\sim \frac{1}{\frac{1}{x}}=x\to \infty$$