设计模式-装饰者

一、装饰者模式

动态地将责任附加到对象上。若要扩展功能，装饰者提供了比继承更有弹性的替代方案。

简单的来说就是AB两个类都继承了C抽象类，B也是抽象类也是装饰类，A是主题类专门被装饰，然后又有一堆继承了B装饰类的实现类比如（Z、X、D），装饰类通过以C c为属性，通过构造函数来实例化C c。从而达到装饰的目的。

本例子以卖咖啡为例子，主题就是咖啡类型，装饰者就是配料。

二、设计原则

类应该对外扩展开放，对内修改关闭。

对外：就是装饰类Z、X、D、以C为属性

对内：就是自身方法属性不受外界影响

三、代码实现

1、抽象类

package com.oyhp.component;

public abstract class Beverage {
	//杯子容量大小类型
	public final static int TALL=0;
	public final static int GRANDE=1;
	public final static int VENTI=2;
	//杯子容量大小
	private int size;
	String description = "Unkown Beverage";
	
	public String getDescription(){
		return description;
	}
	
	public abstract double cost();

	public int getSize() {
		return size;
	}

	public void setSize(int size) {
		this.size = size;
	}
}

2、主题类（被装饰者）

package com.oyhp.component;
//浓缩咖啡
public class Espresso extends Beverage{
	public Espresso(){
		description = "Espresso";
	}

	@Override
	public double cost() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return 1.99;
	}
}
package com.oyhp.component;
//综合咖啡
public class HouseBlend extends Beverage{
	public HouseBlend() {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		description = "HouseBlend";
	}
	
	@Override
	public double cost() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return 0.89;
	}

}

3、装饰者

package com.oyhp.decorator;

import com.oyhp.component.Beverage;

public abstract class CondimentDecorator extends Beverage{
	public abstract String getDescription();
}
package com.oyhp.decorator;

import com.oyhp.component.Beverage;
//装饰者-摩卡配料
public class Mocha extends CondimentDecorator{
	//使用了组合，针对接口少用实现的原则,把咖啡类型当成属性
	Beverage beverage;
	
	/**
	 * 这里的做法是：把咖啡类型当作构造器的参数，再由构造器将此咖啡类型记录在实例变量（即属性）中。
	 * */
	public Mocha(Beverage beverage) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.beverage = beverage;
	}
	
	public Mocha(Beverage beverage,int size) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.beverage = beverage;
		setSize(size);
	}
	
	@Override
	public String getDescription() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return beverage.getDescription() + ", Mocha";
	}

	@Override
	public double cost() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		double cost = beverage.cost();
		if(getSize() == Beverage.TALL){
			cost += 0.1;
		}else if(getSize() == Beverage.GRANDE){
			cost += 0.25;
		}else if(getSize() == Beverage.VENTI){
			cost += 0.30;
		}
		return cost;
	}

}
package com.oyhp.decorator;

//豆浆配料
import com.oyhp.component.Beverage;

public class Soy extends CondimentDecorator{
	Beverage beverage;
	
	
	public Soy(Beverage beverage) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.beverage = beverage;
	}
	
	public Soy(Beverage beverage,int size) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.beverage = beverage;
		setSize(size);
	}
	
	@Override
	public String getDescription() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return	beverage.getDescription() + ", Soy";
	}

	@Override
	public double cost() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		double cost = beverage.cost();
		if(getSize() == Beverage.TALL){
			cost += 0.1;
		}else if(getSize() == Beverage.GRANDE){
			cost += 0.15;
		}else if(getSize() == Beverage.VENTI){
			cost += 0.20;
		}
		return cost;
	}

}
package com.oyhp.decorator;

import com.oyhp.component.Beverage;

//奶泡配料
public class Whip extends CondimentDecorator{
	Beverage beverage;
	
	public Whip(Beverage beverage) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.beverage = beverage;
	}
	
	public Whip(Beverage beverage,int size) {
		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
		this.beverage = beverage;
		setSize(size);
	}
	
	@Override
	public String getDescription() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		return beverage.getDescription() + ", Whip";
	}

	@Override
	public double cost() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		double cost = beverage.cost();
		if(getSize() == Beverage.TALL){
			cost += 0.3;
		}else if(getSize() == Beverage.GRANDE){
			cost += 0.45;
		}else if(getSize() == Beverage.VENTI){
			cost += 0.50;
		}
		return cost;
	}

}

4、main

package com.oyhp.main;

import com.oyhp.component.Beverage;
import com.oyhp.component.Espresso;
import com.oyhp.decorator.Mocha;
import com.oyhp.decorator.Soy;
import com.oyhp.decorator.Whip;

public class DoRun {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Beverage espresso = new Espresso();
		System.out.println(espresso.getDescription() + " $" + espresso.cost());
		/**装饰者的精华之处，让被装饰者（咖啡类型）和装饰者（CondimentDecorator）都继承了Beverage元件
		 * 大家都是同一个超类的，类型可以相互转换；
		 * 装饰者通过构造器把被装饰者（咖啡类型）当成参数，把它包起来。*/
		espresso = new Mocha(espresso,Beverage.VENTI);
		espresso = new Soy(espresso,Beverage.VENTI);
		espresso = new Whip(espresso,Beverage.VENTI);
		System.out.println(espresso.getDescription() + " $" + espresso.cost());
	}
}

四、装饰者大局观

五、总结

1、封装变化     2、多用组合、少用继承     3、针对接口编程、不针对实现编程     4、为交互对象之间的松耦合设计而努力

5、对扩展开放、对修改关闭