《Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn and TensorFlow》 学习笔记第二篇----端到端的机器学习

回归模型例子–房价预测–第二章

一、架构问题,关注蓝图

  • 确定机器学习的类型,监督还是无监督,分类还是回归,批量学习还是在线学习。
  • 选择误差衡量指标,回归模型常见的是均方根误差(RMSE)

RMSE与MAE区别

  • 当有很多离群区域时, 你可以考虑使用平均绝对误差(也称为平均绝对偏差)
  • RMSE对应L2范数,MAE对应L1范数
  • 范数指数越高,则越关注大的价值,忽视小的价值。RMSE比MAE对异常值更敏感。但是当异常值非常稀少(例如钟形曲线)时, RMSE的表现优异,通常作为首选。

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二、数据处理/模型构建

详细笔记 02_end_to_end_machine_learning_project

When most people hearMachine Learning,” they picture a robot: a dependable butler or a deadly Terminator depending on who you ask. But Machine Learning is not just a futuristic fantasy, it’s already here. In fact, it has been around for decades in some specialized applications, such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR). But the first ML application that really became mainstream, improving the lives of hundreds of millions of people, took over the world back in the 1990s: it was the spam filter. Not exactly a self-aware Skynet, but it does technically qualify as Machine Learning (it has actually learned so well that you seldom need to flag an email as spam anymore). It was followed by hundreds of ML applications that now quietly power hundreds of products and features that you use regularly, from better recommendations to voice search. Where does Machine Learning start and where does it end? What exactly does it mean for a machine to learn something? If I download a copy of Wikipedia, has my computer really “learned” something? Is it suddenly smarter? In this chapter we will start by clarifying what Machine Learning is and why you may want to use it. Then, before we set out to explore the Machine Learning continent, we will take a look at the map and learn about the main regions and the most notable landmarks: supervised versus unsupervised learning, online versus batch learning, instance-based versus model-based learning. Then we will look at the workflow of a typical ML project, discuss the main challenges you may face, and cover how to evaluate and fine-tune a Machine Learning system. This chapter introduces a lot of fundamental concepts (and jargon) that every data scientist should know by heart. It will be a high-level overview (the only chapter without much code), all rather simple, but you should make sure everything is crystal-clear to you before continuing to the rest of the book. So grab a coffee and let’s get started!
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