liunx磁盘挂载和扩容

一、挂载

1）新增数据盘执行分区

[root@monitor ~]# lsblk |grep vdb 
vdb             252:16   0  100G  0 disk 

[root@monitor ~]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 
First sector (2048-209715199, default 2048): 回车
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-209715199, default 209715199): 回车
Using default value 209715199
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 GiB is set

#修改/dev/vdb分区编码为LVM
Command (m for help): t   
Selected partition 1
Hex code (type L to list all codes): l

 0  Empty           24  NEC DOS         81  Minix / old Lin bf  Solaris        
 1  FAT12           27  Hidden NTFS Win 82  Linux swap / So c1  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 2  XENIX root      39  Plan 9          83  Linux           c4  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 3  XENIX usr       3c  PartitionMagic  84  OS/2 hidden C:  c6  DRDOS/sec (FAT-
 4  FAT16 <32M      40  Venix 80286     85  Linux extended  c7  Syrinx         
 5  Extended        41  PPC PReP Boot   86  NTFS volume set da  Non-FS data    
 6  FAT16           42  SFS             87  NTFS volume set db  CP/M / CTOS / .
 7  HPFS/NTFS/exFAT 4d  QNX4.x          88  Linux plaintext de  Dell Utility   
 8  AIX             4e  QNX4.x 2nd part 8e  Linux LVM       df  BootIt         
 9  AIX bootable    4f  QNX4.x 3rd part 93  Amoeba          e1  DOS access     
 a  OS/2 Boot Manag 50  OnTrack DM      94  Amoeba BBT      e3  DOS R/O        
 b  W95 FAT32       51  OnTrack DM6 Aux 9f  BSD/OS          e4  SpeedStor      
 c  W95 FAT32 (LBA) 52  CP/M            a0  IBM Thinkpad hi eb  BeOS fs        
 e  W95 FAT16 (LBA) 53  OnTrack DM6 Aux a5  FreeBSD         ee  GPT            
 f  W95 Ext'd (LBA) 54  OnTrackDM6      a6  OpenBSD         ef  EFI (FAT-12/16/
10  OPUS            55  EZ-Drive        a7  NeXTSTEP        f0  Linux/PA-RISC b
11  Hidden FAT12    56  Golden Bow      a8  Darwin UFS      f1  SpeedStor      
12  Compaq diagnost 5c  Priam Edisk     a9  NetBSD          f4  SpeedStor      
14  Hidden FAT16 <3 61  SpeedStor       ab  Darwin boot     f2  DOS secondary  
16  Hidden FAT16    63  GNU HURD or Sys af  HFS / HFS+      fb  VMware VMFS    
17  Hidden HPFS/NTF 64  Novell Netware  b7  BSDI fs         fc  VMware VMKCORE 
18  AST SmartSleep  65  Novell Netware  b8  BSDI swap       fd  Linux raid auto
1b  Hidden W95 FAT3 70  DiskSecure Mult bb  Boot Wizard hid fe  LANstep        
1c  Hidden W95 FAT3 75  PC/IX           be  Solaris boot    ff  BBT            
1e  Hidden W95 FAT1 80  Old Minix      
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e  #选择lvm
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'
Command (m for help): w   #保存

2）创建pv

#刷新硬盘分区状态
[root@monitor ~]# partprobe
[root@monitor ~]# lsblk |grep vdb
vdb             252:16   0  100G  0 disk 
└─vdb1          252:17   0  100G  0 part 

#创建pv
[root@monitor ~]# pvcreate /dev/vdb1
  Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created.

#查看pv,还可以使用命令pvs 和pvscan查看简略信息。
[root@monitor ~]# pvdisplay
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/vda2
  VG Name               centos
  PV Size               <9.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              2303
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          2303
  PV UUID               SS5nij-dqhR-iDc3-Sc0U-lgBs-B3d7-r5vmwI
   
  "/dev/vdb1" is a new physical volume of "<100.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/vdb1
  VG Name               
  PV Size               <100.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               b4c5yl-Kale-yMaa-E1Hl-ydkk-BmOb-x15zr5

3）格式化

#格式化为xfs格式
[root@monitor ~]# mkfs.xfs -f /dev/vdb1
meta-data=/dev/vdb1              isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=6553536 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0, sparse=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=26214144, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=12799, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

4）挂载

#创建data数据目录
[root@monitor ~]# mkdir /data

#挂载100G到data目录
[root@monitor ~]#mount /dev/vdb1 /data

#使用命令df -Th查看磁盘挂载情况
[root@monitor ~]# lsblk |grep /data
└─vdb1          252:17   0  100G  0 part /data

5）开机自动挂载

• 挂载好的磁盘需要设置开机自动挂载，我们不采用/etc/fstab直接指定 /dev/xvde1的方法，而推荐使用UUID来配置自动挂载数据盘。

#先执行命令blkid /dev/vdb1，查询磁盘分区的UUID
[root@monitor ~]# blkid /dev/vdb1
/dev/vdb1: UUID="4a03afed-cbce-4fa6-8ad5-bc0d70f8fc2a" TYPE="xfs" 

#编辑/etc/fstab，在末尾增加一行
UUID=4a03afed-cbce-4fa6-8ad5-bc0d70f8fc2a  /data  xfs  defaults        0 0

6）检测自启动挂载

#取消挂载
[root@monitor ~]# umount /dev/vdb1 
[root@monitor ~]# lsblk |grep vdb1  
└─vdb1          252:17   0  100G  0 part 

#检查能否自动挂载，执行mount -a确认是否自动挂上了data数据目录
[root@monitor ~]# mount -a

#自动挂载成功则无问题。
[root@monitor ~]# lsblk |grep vdb1  
└─vdb1          252:17   0  100G  0 part /data

#重启测试（注意不要生产测试）
[root@monitor ~]# reboot
[root@monitor ~]# lsblk |grep data
└─vdb1          252:17   0  100G  0 part /data

【六项详解】：

LABEL=/ / ext3 defaults 1 1
/dev/sda2 /mnt/D/ vfat defaults 0 0

第一列：设备名或者设备卷标名，（/dev/sda10 或者 LABEL=/）

第二列：设备挂载目录 （例如上面的“/”或者“/mnt/D/”）

第三列：设备文件系统 （例如上面的“ext3”或者“vfat”）

第四列：挂载参数 （看帮助man mount）

对于已经挂载好的设备，例如上面的/dev/sda2，现在要改变挂载参数，这时可以不用卸载该设备，而可以使用下面的命令（没有挂载的设备，remount 这个参数无效）

#mount /mnt/D/ -o remount,ro （改defaults为ro）
为了安全起见，可以指明其他挂载参数，例如：
noexec（不允许可执行文件可执行，但千万不要把根分区挂为noexec，那就无法使用系统了，连mount 命令都无法使用了，这时只有重新做系统了！
nodev（不允许挂载设备文件）nosuid,nosgid（不允许有suid和sgid属性）
nouser（不允许普通用户挂载）
第五列：指明是否要备份，（0为不备份，1为要备份，一般根分区要备份）

第六列：指明自检顺序。 （0为不自检，1或者2为要自检，如果是根分区要设为1，其他分区只能是2，如不要检查就为0）

---

二、扩容

1）查看容量

• 发现50G只使用了40G

#一共50G，发现只用了10G
[root@monitor opt]# lsblk 
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
vda             252:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─vda1          252:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─vda2          252:2    0    9G  0 part 
  ├─centos-root 253:0    0    8G  0 lvm  /
  └─centos-swap 253:1    0    1G  0 lvm  [SWAP]

2）新增分区盘

[root@monitor opt]# fdisk /dev/vda 
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).

Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.


Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3):  #回车
First sector (20971520-104857599, default 20971520): 
Using default value 20971520
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (20971520-104857599, default 104857599): #回车
Using default value 104857599
Partition 3 of type Linux and of size 40 GiB is set

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3 #选择需要指定分区3

Hex code (type L to list all codes): 8e   #指定分区类型为lvm
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux LVM'

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.

3）创建pv

#刷新硬盘分区状态
[root@monitor opt]#  partprobe
[root@monitor opt]# lsblk |grep vda3
└─vda3          252:3    0   40G  0 part 

#针对vda3建立物理卷
[root@monitor opt]#  pvcreate /dev/vda3
  Physical volume "/dev/vda3" successfully created.

#查看现在物理卷情况
[root@monitor opt]#  pvdisplay 
  --- Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/vda2
  VG Name               centos
  PV Size               <9.00 GiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
  Allocatable           yes (but full)
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              2303
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          2303
  PV UUID               SS5nij-dqhR-iDc3-Sc0U-lgBs-B3d7-r5vmwI
   
  "/dev/vda3" is a new physical volume of "40.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/vda3
  VG Name               
  PV Size               40.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               TVkOre-DkIe-EYIO-cAI0-LYXp-5upo-q5k7yG

4）创建VG

#添加vda3到现在的卷组中
[root@monitor opt]# vgextend  centos /dev/vda3 
  Volume group "centos" successfully extended


#查看卷组的情况
[root@monitor opt]# vgdisplay 
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               centos
 ...
  VG Size               48.99 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              12542
  Alloc PE / Size       2303 / <9.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       10239 / <40.00 GiB
  VG UUID               mJVwQI-WcjV-WHaB-oAnn-RsUB-HSUe-y8Zcyl

5）扩展到目标盘

#扩展lv的容量
[root@monitor ~]# vgs
  VG     #PV #LV #SN Attr   VSize  VFree  
  centos   2   2   0 wz--n- 48.99g <40.00g

#全部扩到/目录下面
[root@monitor ~]# lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/centos/root
  Size of logical volume centos/root changed from <8.00 GiB (2047 extents) to 47.99 GiB (12286 extents).
  Logical volume centos/root successfully resized.

• /dev/centos/root #查看vg和pv的名称指定路径。

6）对文件系统更新

#激活
[root@monitor ~]# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root 
meta-data=/dev/mapper/centos-root isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=524032 blks
         =                       sectsz=512   attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=0 spinodes=0
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=2096128, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0 ftype=1
log      =internal               bsize=4096   blocks=2560, version=2
         =                       sectsz=512   sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0
data blocks changed from 2096128 to 12580864

#查看
[root@monitor opt]# lsblk 
NAME            MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
vda             252:0    0   50G  0 disk 
├─vda1          252:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
├─vda2          252:2    0    9G  0 part 
│ ├─centos-root 253:0    0   48G  0 lvm  /
│ └─centos-swap 253:1    0    1G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
└─vda3          252:3    0   40G  0 part 
  └─centos-root 253:0    0   48G  0 lvm  /
vdb             252:16   0  100G  0 disk 
└─vdb1          252:17   0  100G  0 part /data

• 由最初8G增加到了48G