引理
∑
k
=
1
n
cos
k
x
=
sin
x
∑
k
=
1
n
cos
k
x
sin
x
=
sin
2
x
−
sin
0
x
+
sin
3
x
−
sin
1
x
+
⋯
+
sin
(
n
+
1
)
x
−
sin
(
n
−
1
)
x
2
sin
x
=
sin
(
n
+
1
)
x
+
sin
n
x
−
sin
x
2
sin
x
\begin{aligned} &\quad \sum_{k=1}^{n} \cos kx \\ &= \frac{\sin x \sum_{k=1}^{n} \cos kx}{\sin x} \\ &= \frac{\sin 2x - \sin 0x +\sin 3x - \sin 1x+\dots + \sin (n+1)x -\sin (n-1)x}{2\sin x} \\ &=\frac{\sin (n+1)x +\sin nx -\sin x}{2\sin x} \end{aligned}
k=1∑ncoskx=sinxsinx∑k=1ncoskx=2sinxsin2x−sin0x+sin3x−sin1x+⋯+sin(n+1)x−sin(n−1)x=2sinxsin(n+1)x+sinnx−sinx
∑
k
=
1
n
sin
k
x
=
sin
x
2
∑
k
=
1
n
sin
k
x
sin
x
2
=
−
cos
3
x
2
−
cos
x
2
+
cos
5
x
2
−
cos
3
x
2
+
⋯
+
cos
(
2
n
+
1
)
x
2
−
cos
(
2
n
−
1
)
x
2
2
sin
x
2
=
cos
x
2
−
cos
(
2
n
+
1
)
x
2
2
sin
x
2
\begin{aligned} &\quad \sum_{k=1}^{n} \sin kx \\ &= \frac{\sin \frac{x}{2} \sum_{k=1}^{n} \sin kx}{\sin \frac{x}{2}} \\ &= -\frac{\cos \frac{3x}{2} - \cos \frac{x}{2} +\cos \frac{5x}{2} - \cos \frac{3x}{2}+\dots + \cos \frac{(2n+1)x}{2} -\cos \frac{(2n-1)x}{2}}{2\sin \frac{x}{2}} \\ &=\frac{\cos \frac{x}{2}-\cos \frac{(2n+1)x}{2}}{2\sin \frac{x}{2}} \end{aligned}
k=1∑nsinkx=sin2xsin2x∑k=1nsinkx=−2sin2xcos23x−cos2x+cos25x−cos23x+⋯+cos2(2n+1)x−cos2(2n−1)x=2sin2xcos2x−cos2(2n+1)x
∑
k
=
0
n
cos
k
x
=
sin
(
n
+
1
)
x
+
sin
n
x
+
sin
x
2
sin
x
\sum_{k=0}^{n} \cos kx =\frac{\sin (n+1)x +\sin nx + \sin x}{2\sin x}
k=0∑ncoskx=2sinxsin(n+1)x+sinnx+sinx
∑
k
=
0
n
sin
k
x
=
cos
x
2
−
cos
(
2
n
+
1
)
x
2
2
sin
x
2
\sum_{k=0}^{n}\sin kx = \frac{\cos \frac{x}{2}-\cos \frac{(2n+1)x}{2}}{2\sin \frac{x}{2}}
k=0∑nsinkx=2sin2xcos2x−cos2(2n+1)x
前置知识
正
N
N
N边形中心角为
2
π
N
\frac{2\pi }{N}
N2π
z
=
x
+
j
y
=
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
e
j
arg
z
z=x+j y=(\sqrt{x^2+y^2})e^{j\arg z}
z=x+jy=(x2+y2)ejargz
设
z
1
,
z
2
z_1,z_2
z1,z2为两个非零复数,则
z
1
z
2
=
r
1
e
j
θ
1
r
2
e
j
θ
2
=
(
r
1
r
2
)
e
j
(
θ
1
+
θ
2
)
z_1 z_2=r_1 e^{j\theta_1} r_2e^{j\theta_2}= (r_1 r_2)e^{j(\theta_1 +\theta_2)}
z1z2=r1ejθ1r2ejθ2=(r1r2)ej(θ1+θ2)
所以复数相乘,幅角相加,模长相乘
原命题
设正
N
N
N边形
A
0
,
A
1
,
…
,
A
N
−
1
A_0,A_1,\dots,A_{N-1}
A0,A1,…,AN−1
考虑复平面里,中心在原点的正
N
N
N边形,并且有一个顶点在实轴的正半轴
相当于证明
S
→
=
∑
k
=
0
N
−
1
O
A
k
→
=
∑
k
=
0
N
−
1
e
k
2
π
j
N
=
0
\overrightarrow{S}=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} \overrightarrow{OA_k}=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} e^{k\frac{2\pi j}{N}}=0
S=k=0∑N−1OAk=k=0∑N−1ekN2πj=0
证明:
方法1
∑ k = 0 N − 1 e k 2 π j N = ∑ k = 0 N − 1 ( cos k 2 π N + j sin k 2 π N ) = ∑ k = 0 N − 1 cos k 2 π N + j ∑ k = 0 N − 1 sin k 2 π N = sin N 2 π N + sin ( N − 1 ) 2 π N + sin 2 π N 2 sin 2 π N + j cos 2 π 2 N − cos 2 N − 1 2 2 π N 2 sin 2 π 2 N = 0 \begin{aligned} &\quad \sum_{k=0}^{N-1} e^{k\frac{2\pi j}{N}} \\ &=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}(\cos k\frac{2\pi}{N}+j\sin k\frac{2\pi}{N}) \\ &=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\cos k\frac{2\pi}{N}+j\sum_{k=0}^{N-1}\sin k\frac{2\pi}{N} \\ &=\frac{\sin N\frac{2\pi}{N}+\sin (N-1)\frac{2\pi}{N}+\sin\frac{2\pi}{N}}{2\sin\frac{2\pi}{N}} + j\frac{\cos \frac{2\pi}{2N}-\cos \frac{2N-1}{2}\frac{2\pi}{N}}{2\sin \frac{2\pi}{2N}} \\ &=0 \end{aligned} k=0∑N−1ekN2πj=k=0∑N−1(coskN2π+jsinkN2π)=k=0∑N−1coskN2π+jk=0∑N−1sinkN2π=2sinN2πsinNN2π+sin(N−1)N2π+sinN2π+j2sin2N2πcos2N2π−cos22N−1N2π=0
方法2
S
→
=
∑
k
=
0
N
−
1
O
A
k
→
\overrightarrow{S}=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} \overrightarrow{OA_k}
S=k=0∑N−1OAk
两边同时旋转
2
π
N
\frac{2\pi}{N}
N2π(相当于乘
e
2
π
N
e^{\frac{2\pi}{N}}
eN2π)
O
A
k
→
\overrightarrow{OA_k}
OAk就会旋转成
O
A
k
+
1
→
,
k
=
0
,
1
,
2
,
…
,
N
−
2
\overrightarrow{OA_{k+1}},k=0,1,2,\dots,N-2
OAk+1,k=0,1,2,…,N−2
O
A
N
−
1
→
\overrightarrow{OA_{N-1}}
OAN−1就会旋转成
O
A
0
→
\overrightarrow{OA_0}
OA0
因为等号右边旋转后相等,所以
S
→
=
e
2
π
N
S
→
\overrightarrow{S}=e^{\frac{2\pi}{N}} \overrightarrow{S}
S=eN2πS
S
→
=
0
\overrightarrow{S}=0
S=0
方法3
∑ k = 0 N − 1 e k 2 π j N = 1 − e N 2 π j N 1 − e 2 π j N = 0 \sum_{k=0}^{N-1}e^{k\frac{2\pi j}{N}}=\frac{1-e^{N\frac{2\pi j}{N}}}{1-e^{\frac{2\pi j}{N}}}=0 k=0∑N−1ekN2πj=1−eN2πj1−eNN2πj=0
推论
S
→
=
∑
k
=
0
N
−
1
V
k
→
\overrightarrow{S}=\sum_{k=0}^{N-1} \overrightarrow{V_k}
S=∑k=0N−1Vk
e
j
θ
V
k
→
=
V
k
+
1
→
(
θ
≠
2
n
π
,
n
∈
Z
)
e^{j\theta}\overrightarrow{V_k}=\overrightarrow{V_{k+1}} \left(\theta \ne 2n\pi ,n\in Z \right )
ejθVk=Vk+1(θ=2nπ,n∈Z)
则
S
→
=
0
\overrightarrow{S}=0
S=0