文章目录
一,前言
Linux内核提供了多种注册字符设备驱动的接口,register_chrdev接口一般在Linux 2.6之后建议不再使用,推荐使用alloc_chrdev_region或者register_chrdev_region。这里分析下它们三者的实现,总结下三者的异同。
二,__register_chrdev_region
register_chrdev、alloc_chrdev_region、register_chrdev_region内部都会调用__register_chrdev_region函数,有必要先来分析下该函数。
2.1 字符设备的主设备号和次设备号
字符设备的设备号由主设备号+次设备号组成,主设备号和次设备号通过 MKDEV 宏组成设备号。知道设备号可以通过 MAJOR 宏 得到主设备号,通过MINOR 宏得到次设备号。内核通过设备节点的主设备号和次设备号找到其对应的驱动程序即file_operations结构体中的函数接口。
#define MINORBITS 20
#define MINORMASK ((1U << MINORBITS) - 1)
#define MAJOR(dev) ((unsigned int) ((dev) >> MINORBITS)) // 取dev的高20位,得到设备号中主设备号
#define MINOR(dev) ((unsigned int) ((dev) & MINORMASK)) // 取dev的低12位,得到设备号中次设备号
#define MKDEV(ma,mi) (((ma) << MINORBITS) | (mi)) // 通过major、minor组合得到一个dev
2.2 函数原型
向内核注册了一个字符设备结构,并指定了该设备的次设备号起始值和个数。
/*
* Register a single major with a specified minor range.
*
* @major: 主设备号
* @baseminor: 次设备号起始值
* @minorct: 该主设备号下次设备号个数
* @name: 设备名称
* 如果major为0,则由内核自动分配一个主设备号。
* major大于0,则内核以major为主设备号。
* 注册成功返回一个struct char_device_struct *,失败返回错误值
*/
static struct char_device_struct *
__register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
int minorct, const char *name)
2.3 函数内部实现
static struct char_device_struct *
__register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,
int minorct, const char *name)
{
struct char_device_struct *cd, **cp;
int ret = 0;
int i;
cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
if (cd == NULL)
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
mutex_lock(&chrdevs_lock);
// 主设备号为0,从chrdevs数组中取出一个空元素对应的索引作为主设备号
/* temporary */
if (major == 0) {
for (i = ARRAY_SIZE(chrdevs)-1; i > 0; i--) {
if (chrdevs[i] == NULL)
break;
}
if (i == 0) {
ret = -EBUSY;
goto out;
}
major = i;
ret = major;
}
cd->major = major;
cd->baseminor = baseminor;
cd->minorct = minorct;
strncpy(cd->name,name, 64);
// 主设备号与255取余,获取一个chrdevs的索引值
i = major_to_index(major);
for (cp = &chrdevs[i]; *cp; cp = &(*cp)->next)
if ((*cp)->major > major ||
((*cp)->major == major &&
(((*cp)->baseminor >= baseminor) ||
((*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct > baseminor))))
break;
// 判断当前设备的次设备号是否已经使用
/* Check for overlapping minor ranges. */
if (*cp && (*cp)->major == major) {
int old_min = (*cp)->baseminor;
int old_max = (*cp)->baseminor + (*cp)->minorct - 1;
int new_min = baseminor;
int new_max = baseminor + minorct - 1;
/* New driver overlaps from the left. */
if (new_max >= old_min && new_max <= old_max) {
ret = -EBUSY;
goto out;
}
/* New driver overlaps from the right. */
if (new_min <= old_max && new_min >= old_min) {
ret = -EBUSY;
goto out;
}
}
// 将当前的字符设备结构插入到chrdevs链表中
cd->next = *cp;
*cp = cd;
mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
return cd;
out:
mutex_unlock(&chrdevs_lock);
kfree(cd);
return ERR_PTR(ret);
}
三,register_chrdev
3.1 函数原型
向内核注册一个字符设备,该设备的主设备号为major(或者由内核分配),次设备号为0 ~ 255。表示以major为主设备号,以0 ~ 255为次设备号的设备对应同一个设备驱动。
/**
* @major: 主设备号
* @name: 设备名称
* @fops: file_operations 结构体
*
* 如果major为0,则由内核自动分配一个主设备号,此时返回值即为主设备号。
*
* major大于0,则内核以major为主设备号,此时注册成功返回0。
* major大于0,即手动指定主设备号时,必须使用未使用过的主设备号,可以事先查看哪些未使用的主设备号
* cat /proc/devices 查看。
*/
int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name,
const struct file_operations *fops)
3.2 函数内部实现
// int register_chrdev(unsigned int major, const char *name,const struct file_operations *fops)
register_chrdev(I2C_MAJOR, "i2c", &i2cdev_fops) -> // i2c通用设备驱动中注册的字符设备,上一篇i2c设备驱动中有分析
/* static struct char_device_struct *__register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major,
unsigned int baseminor,
int minorct, const char *name) */
cd = __register_chrdev_region(major, 0, 256, name);
cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
cd->major = major;
cd->baseminor = baseminor;
cd->minorct = minorct;
strncpy(cd->name,name, 64);
cp = &chrdevs[i];
cd->next = *cp;
*cp = cd;
cdev = cdev_alloc(); // 在这里申请一个struct cdev数据结构
cdev->owner = fops->owner;
cdev->ops = fops;
err = cdev_add(cdev, MKDEV(cd->major, 0), 256);
cd->cdev = cdev;
四,alloc_chrdev_region
4.1 函数原型
/**
* 注册一个主设备号由内核动态分配,次设备号为baseminor~baseminor+count的设备驱动
* @dev: 用来获取设备号
* @baseminor:次设备号起始值
* @count: 次设备号个数
* @name: 设备名称
*
* Allocates a range of char device numbers. The major number will be
* chosen dynamically, and returned (along with the first minor number)
* in @dev. Returns zero or a negative error code.
*/
int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,
const char *name)
4.2 函数内部实现
// int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count,const char *name)
alloc_chrdev_region(&rtc_devt, 0, RTC_DEV_MAX, "rtc") -> // 以RTC驱动为例
// __register_chrdev_region(unsigned int major, unsigned int baseminor,int minorct, const char *name)
cd = __register_chrdev_region(0, baseminor, count, name) ->
cd = kzalloc(sizeof(struct char_device_struct), GFP_KERNEL);
*dev = MKDEV(cd->major, cd->baseminor); // 即rtc_devt = MKDEV(cd->major, cd->baseminor);
五,register_chrdev_region
5.1 函数原型
/**
* @from: 设备号,一般在调用之前就得通过一个主设备号和次设备号得到一个设备号
* 比如from = MKDEV(major, 0); 0为次设备号的起始值
* @count: 次设备个数 以major为主设备号,以0~0+count的次设备号
* @name: 设备名称.
*
* Return value is zero on success, a negative error code on failure.
*/
int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)
5.2 函数内部实现
int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)
{
struct char_device_struct *cd;
dev_t to = from + count;
dev_t n, next;
for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
if (next > to)
next = to;
cd = __register_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n),
next - n, name);
if (IS_ERR(cd))
goto fail;
}
return 0;
fail:
to = n;
for (n = from; n < to; n = next) {
next = MKDEV(MAJOR(n)+1, 0);
kfree(__unregister_chrdev_region(MAJOR(n), MINOR(n), next - n));
}
return PTR_ERR(cd);
}
六,用三个接口注册字符设备的例子
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include <linux/irq.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/irq.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/arch/regs-gpio.h>
#include <asm/hardware.h>
#include <linux/poll.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
/* 1. 确定主设备号 */
static int major;
static int hello_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
printk("hello_open\n");
return 0;
}
static int hello2_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)
{
printk("hello2_open\n");
return 0;
}
/* 2. 构造file_operations */
static struct file_operations hello_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = hello_open,
};
static struct file_operations hello2_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.open = hello2_open,
};
#define HELLO_CNT 2
static struct cdev hello_cdev;
static struct cdev hello2_cdev;
static struct class *cls;
static int hello_init(void)
{
dev_t devid;
/* 3. 告诉内核 */
#if 0
major = register_chrdev(0, "hello", &hello_fops); /* (major, 0), (major, 1), ..., (major, 255)都对应hello_fops */
#else
if (major) {
// 事先知道可用的主设备号,和起始次设备号
devid = MKDEV(major, 0);
register_chrdev_region(devid, HELLO_CNT, "hello"); /* (major,0~1) 对应 hello_fops, (major, 2~255)都不对应hello_fops */
} else {
// 事先不知道可用的主设备号,由内核动态分配
alloc_chrdev_region(&devid, 0, HELLO_CNT, "hello"); /* (major,0~1) 对应 hello_fops, (major, 2~255)都不对应hello_fops */
major = MAJOR(devid);
}
cdev_init(&hello_cdev, &hello_fops);
cdev_add(&hello_cdev, devid, HELLO_CNT);
devid = MKDEV(major, 2);
register_chrdev_region(devid, 1, "hello2");
cdev_init(&hello2_cdev, &hello2_fops);
cdev_add(&hello2_cdev, devid, 1);
#endif
cls = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "hello");
// 使用register_chrdev注册,下面的四个设备节点都将对应该设备驱动,都能调用hello_open
// 使用 register_chrdev_region/alloc_chrdev_region (60/63)注册,设备节点/dev/hello0、/dev/hello1对应hello_fops设备驱动,调用hello_open打开
// 使用 register_chrdev_region/alloc_chrdev_region (71)注册,设备节点/dev/hello2对应hello2_fops设备驱动,调用hello2_open打开
// /dev/hello3节点未注册到设备驱动,无法打开设备。
class_device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 0), NULL, "hello0"); /* /dev/hello0 */
class_device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 1), NULL, "hello1"); /* /dev/hello1 */
class_device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 2), NULL, "hello2"); /* /dev/hello2 */
class_device_create(cls, NULL, MKDEV(major, 3), NULL, "hello3"); /* /dev/hello3 */
return 0;
}
static void hello_exit(void)
{
class_device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 0));
class_device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 1));
class_device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 2));
class_device_destroy(cls, MKDEV(major, 3));
class_destroy(cls);
cdev_del(&hello_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(major, 0), HELLO_CNT);
cdev_del(&hello2_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(major, 2), 1);
}
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
七,总结
- 使用register_chrdev注册字符设备,默认主设备下的0~255个次设备均对应于同一个设备驱动(使用同一个file_operations结构体的接口)。
- 使用register_chrdev_region/alloc_chrdev_region注册字符设备,可以指定主设备号下的多少个次设备号对应于同一个设备驱动(使用同一个file_operations结构体的接口)。
- 使用register_chrdev注册字符设备,其内部申请struct cdev 结构,并调用cdev_add函数添加设备。
- 使用register_chrdev_region/alloc_chrdev_region注册字符设备,需要在外部事先定义struct cdev 结构,然后使用函数cdev_init初始化它,最后还需在外部调用cdev_add函数添加设备。
- register_chrdev_region和alloc_chrdev_region区别在于,前者事先知晓一个可用的主设备号,后者由内核动态分配一个主设备号。