What do the part-of-speech and dependency tags mean?

You can find some ways here

a. A good reference for understanding the dependency tags is the Stanford dependency manual

b. Just a quick tip about getting the detail meaning of the short forms. You can use explain method like following:

spacy.explain('pobj')

which will give you output like:

'object of preposition'

c. Direct links (if you don’t feel like going through endless spacy documentation to get the full tables):

for .pos_ (parts of speech, English): https://universaldependencies.org/docs/en/pos/

for .dep_ (dependency relations, English): https://universaldependencies.org/docs/en/dep/