最常用和最难用的控件

ListView可以说是Android最常用的控件了，几乎所有程序都会用到它。ListView允许用户通过手指上下滑动的方式将屏幕外的数据滚动到屏幕内，同时屏幕上原有的数据会滚出屏幕

0.ListView的简单用法

新建ListView项目，修改activity_main.xml的代码

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">

<ListView
    android:id="@+id/list_view"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent" />

</LinearLayout>

 将ListView的宽高设置为占满整个布局空间

接下来修改MainActivity中的代码

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
    private String[] data = {"Apple","banana","orange","Watermelon",
            "Pear","Grape","Pineapple","Strawberry","Cherry","Mango",
            "Apple","banana","orange","Watermelon",
            "Pear","Grape","Pineapple","Strawberry","Cherry","Mango"};

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        ArrayAdapter<String> adapter = new ArrayAdapter<String>(
            MainActivity.this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_1, data);
        ListView listview = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_view);
        listview.setAdapter(adapter);
    }
}

用一个数组来做测试，里面包含大量数据（水果名），不过数组中的数据是无法直接传入ListView中的，需要借助适配器来完成，这里就用ArrayAdapter，它可以通过泛型来指定要适配的数据类型，然后在构造函数中把要适配的数据传入。

由于传入的数据是字符串，所以泛型指定为String，构造函数中依次传入当前上下文，ListView的子项布局的id，要传入的数据。

最后调用setAdaper方法将构建好的适配器对象传递进去

跑一哈就可以了

1.定制ListView的界面

准备一组图片，分别对应每种水果，待会要让这些水果旁边有一个图样

定义一个实体类Fruit，作为ListView适配器的适配类型

public class Fruit {
    private String name;
    private int imageId;
    public Fruit(String name, int imageId) {
        this.name = name;
        this.imageId = imageId;
    }
    public  String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    public int getImageId() {
        return imageId;
    }
}

Fruit类只有两个字段，name表示水果名字，imageId表示对应的水果图片

然后需要为ListView的子项指定一个自定义布局，新建fruit_item.xml

<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="wrap_content">

    <ImageView
        android:id="@+id/fruit_image"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/fruit_name"
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:layout_gravity="center_vertical"
        android:layout_marginLeft="10dp"/>

</LinearLayout>

接下来要创建一个自定义的适配器，继承自ArrayAdapter，泛型指定为Fruit类，新建FruitAdapter类

public class FruitAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Fruit> {
    private int resourceId;
    public FruitAdapter(Context context, int textViewResourceId, List<Fruit> objects) {
        super(context,textViewResourceId, objects);
        resourceId = textViewResourceId;
    }
    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        Fruit fruit = getItem(position);//获取当前项的Fruit实例
        View view = LayoutInflater.from(getContent()).inflate(resourceId, parent, false);
        ImageView fruitImage = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
        TextView fruitName = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
        fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
        fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
        return view;
    }
}

FruitAdapter重写了父类的一组构造函数，用于将上下文，ListView子项布局id，数据都传递进去。

另外重写了getView()方法，这个方法在每个子项被滚动到屏幕内的时候会被调用。首先通过getItem()方法得到当前项的Fruit实例，然后使用LayoutInflater来为这个子项加载我们传入的布局。

下面修改MainActivity中的代码

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        initFruits();//初始化水果数据
        FruitAdapter adapter = new FruitAdapter(MainActivity.this, R.layout.fruit_item, 
        fruitList);
        ListView listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_view);
        listView.setAdapter(adapter);
    }
    private void initFruits() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            Fruit apple = new Fruit("Apple",R.drawable.a);
            fruitList.add(apple);
            Fruit banana = new Fruit("banana",R.drawable.b);
            fruitList.add(banana);
            Fruit orange = new Fruit("orange",R.drawable.c);
            fruitList.add(orange);
            Fruit watermelon = new Fruit("watermelon",R.drawable.d);
            fruitList.add(watermelon);
            Fruit pear = new Fruit("pear",R.drawable.e);
            fruitList.add(pear);
            Fruit grape = new Fruit("grape",R.drawable.f);
            fruitList.add(grape);
            Fruit pineapple = new Fruit("pineapple",R.drawable.g);
            fruitList.add(pineapple);
            Fruit strawberry = new Fruit("strawberry",R.drawable.h);
            fruitList.add(strawberry);
            Fruit cherry = new Fruit("cherry",R.drawable.i);
            fruitList.add(cherry);
            Fruit mango = new Fruit("mango",R.drawable.j);
            fruitList.add(mango);
        }
    }
}

用initFruits()方法初始化所有水果数据，在Fruit类的构造函数中将水果名字和对应的图片id传入，然后把创建好的对象添加到水果列表中，搞个for循环吧所有水果数据添加两遍，不然数据不够占满整个屏幕，最后在onCreate()方法中创建FruitAdapter对象，并将FruitAdapter作为适配器传递给ListView。

这样整个下来定制ListView界面就搞好了，跑一哈就行。

2.提升ListView的运行效率

之所以说ListView难用，是因为它还有很多细节可以优化，运行效率就是一个。目前我们的ListView控件的运行效率是很低的，因为在FruitAdapter的getView()方法中，每次都将布局重新加载了一遍，当ListView快速滚动时，这会成为性能瓶颈

其实getView()方法中还有一个convertView参数，这个参数用于将之前加载好的布局进行缓存，以便之后可以重用。

修改FruitAdapter的代码

public class FruitAdapter extends ArrayAdapter<Fruit> {
    private int resourceId;
    public FruitAdapter(Context context, int textViewResourceId, List<Fruit> objects) {
        super(context,textViewResourceId, objects);
        resourceId = textViewResourceId;
    }
    @Override
    public View getView(int position, View convertView, ViewGroup parent) {
        Fruit fruit = getItem(position);//获取当前项的Fruit实例
        View view;
        ViewHolder viewHolder;
        if (convertView == null) {
            view = LayoutInflater.from(getContext()).inflate(resourceId,parent,false);
            viewHolder = new ViewHolder();
            viewHolder.fruitImage = (ImageView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_image);
            viewHolder.fruitName = (TextView) view.findViewById(R.id.fruit_name);
            view.setTag(viewHolder);//将ViewHolder存储在View中
        } else {
            view = convertView;
            viewHolder = (ViewHolder) view.getTag();//重新获取ViewHolder
        }

        viewHolder.fruitImage.setImageResource(fruit.getImageId());
        viewHolder.fruitName.setText(fruit.getName());
        return view;
    }
    class ViewHolder {
        ImageView fruitImage;
        TextView fruitName;
    }
}

改动两个地方，一，在getView()方法中进行了判断，如果convertView为null，则使用LayoutInflater去加载布局，否则直接对converView进行重用。

二，新增一个内部类ViewHolder，用于对控件的实例进行缓存。当convertView为null时，创建一个ViewHolder对象，并将控件实例都存放在ViewHolder里，然后调用View的setTag()方法，将ViewHolder对象存在View中。当convertView不为null时，则调用View的getTag()方法，把VIewHolder对象取出这样所有控件实例都缓存在ViewHolder中了，就没必要每次都通过findViewById(）方法来获取控件实例了。效率明显上升啊。

3.LiewView的点击事件

没有点击事件这个ListView就没什么实际用途了。修改MainActivity代码

public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    private List<Fruit> fruitList = new ArrayList<>();
    private String[] data = {"Apple","banana","orange","Watermelon",
            "Pear","Grape","Pineapple","Strawberry","Cherry","Mango",
            "Apple","banana","orange","Watermelon",
            "Pear","Grape","Pineapple","Strawberry","Cherry","Mango"};

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
        initFruits();//初始化水果数据
        FruitAdapter adapter = new FruitAdapter(MainActivity.this, R.layout.fruit_item, fruitList);
        ListView listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.list_view);
        listView.setAdapter(adapter);
        listView.setOnItemClickListener(new AdapterView.OnItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View view, int position, long id) {
                Fruit fruit = fruitList.get(position);
                Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, fruit.getName(),Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
            }
        });
    }
 .....
}

使用onItemClickListener()方法为ListView注册一个监听器，当用户点击了任何一个子项时，就会回调onItemClick()方法。这个方法可以通过position参数判断用户点击的是哪个子项，然后获取到相应的水果，并通过Toast将水果名显示出来

效果大概就是这样