python之functools.partial模块

functools即函数工具，functools 模块中主要包含了一些函数装饰器和便捷的功能函数。partial是部分，字面理解funcition.partial模块的意思是函数工具内的部分模块功能。实际上partial的意思是固定原函数的部分参数从而构造一个新的函数，下面举例说明：

from functools import partial
def add(a,b):
    print('a:',a,'b:',b,'a+b:',a+b)
print("固定参数a为6：")
add_b = partial(add,6)  # 固定参数a
add_b(3)
add_b(5)
'''
add_a = partial(add,a = 2) 
add_a(3)   >>  TypeError: add() got multiple values for argument 'a'
add_a(a = 3)  >>  TypeError: add() missing 1 required positional argument: 'b'
add_a(a = 3,b = 5) >>   a: 3 b: 5 a+b: 8
add_a(b=3)         >>   a: 2 b: 3 a+b: 5
'''
print("固定参数b为6：")
add_a = partial(add,b = 6)  # 固定参数b
add_a(3)
add_a(5)
print("固定参数a,b：")
add_ab = partial(add,3,2)  # 固定a,b的值
add_ab()
# add_ab(2,1) TypeError: add() takes 2 positional arguments but 4 were given

输出的结果如下：

固定参数a为6
a: 6 b: 3 a+b: 9
a: 6 b: 5 a+b: 11
固定参数b为6
a: 3 b: 6 a+b: 9
a: 5 b: 6 a+b: 11
固定参数a,b
a: 3 b: 2 a+b: 5

附上partial的源代码：

class partial(Generic[_T]):
    func: Callable[..., _T]
    args: Tuple[Any, ...]
    keywords: Dict[str, Any]
    def __init__(self, func: Callable[..., _T], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None: ...
    def __call__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> _T: ...

partial的应用：求多个坐标与点（2,4）之间的欧氏距离（euclidean distance)

import random as RND
from functools import partial
import math

fnx = lambda: RND.randint(0, 10)         # 生成一个（0，10）的随机数
data = [ (fnx(), fnx()) for c in range(10) ]  # 生成10个随机坐标
target = (2, 4)                          # 目标的坐标
 

def euclid_dist(v1, v2):                 # 计算欧氏距离
    x1, y1 = v1
    x2, y2 = v2
    return math.sqrt((x2 - x1)**2 + (y2 - y1)**2)

p_euclid_dist = partial(euclid_dist,target)  # 固定参数v1后生成新的函数
data.sort(key=p_euclid_dist)  # 对欧氏距离进行排序
print(data)
print('-'*30)
for x in data:
    print(p_euclid_dist(x)) 

输出结果如下：

[(5, 5), (0, 7), (2, 0), (5, 8), (8, 5), (6, 9), (8, 0), (9, 2), (9, 6), (9, 10)]
------------------------------
3.1622776601683795
3.605551275463989
4.0
5.0
6.082762530298219
6.4031242374328485
7.211102550927978
7.280109889280518
7.280109889280518
9.219544457292887

参考链接：https://blog.csdn.net/cassiepython/article/details/76653897