需要求解的积分具有如下形式:
∫
1
a
+
b
sin
x
d
x
\int \frac{1}{a+b \sin x} d x
∫a+bsinx1dx
这种积分比较常见,可以考虑记一下它的结果,结果为:
∫ 1 a + b sin x d x = 2 a 2 − b 2 ⋅ arctan ⋅ { a tan ( x 2 ) + b a 2 − b 2 } \int \frac{1}{a+b \sin x} d x=\frac{2}{\sqrt{a^{2}-b^{2}}} \cdot \arctan \cdot\left\{\frac{a \tan \left(\frac{x}{2}\right)+b}{\sqrt{a^{2}-b^{2}}}\right\} ∫a+bsinx1dx=a2−b22⋅arctan⋅{a2−b2atan(2x)+b}
证:
已知
sin
x
=
2
tan
x
2
1
+
tan
2
x
2
\sin x=\frac{2 \tan \frac{x}{2}}{1+\tan ^{2} \frac{x}{2}}
sinx=1+tan22x2tan2x
故有
∫
1
a
+
b
sin
x
d
x
=
∫
1
a
+
b
2
tan
x
2
1
+
tan
2
x
2
d
x
(
∗
)
\int \frac{1}{a+b \sin x} d x=\int \frac{1}{a+b \frac{2 \tan \frac{x}{2}}{1+\tan ^{2} \frac{x}{2}}} d x (*)
∫a+bsinx1dx=∫a+b1+tan22x2tan2x1dx(∗)
令
tan
x
2
=
t
\tan \frac{x}{2}=t
tan2x=t,则
d
x
=
2
1
+
t
2
d
t
d x= \frac{2}{1+t^2}d t
dx=1+t22dt
则有
∫
1
a
+
b
⋅
2
t
1
+
t
2
⋅
2
1
+
t
2
d
t
=
1
a
∫
2
1
+
t
2
+
2
b
a
t
d
t
=
2
a
∫
1
t
2
+
2
b
a
t
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b
2
a
2
+
1
−
b
2
a
2
d
t
=
2
a
1
1
−
b
2
a
2
∫
1
a
2
a
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−
b
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⋅
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t
+
b
a
)
2
+
1
d
t
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∗
∗
)
\begin{aligned} \int \frac{1}{a+b \cdot \frac{2 t}{1+t^{2}}} \cdot \frac{2}{1+t^{2}} d t &= \frac{1}{a} \int \frac{2}{1+t^{2}+\frac{2 b}{a} t} d t \\ &= \frac{2}{a} \int \frac{1}{t^{2}+\frac{2 b}{a} t+\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}+1-\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}} d t \\ &= \frac{2}{a} \frac{1}{1-\frac{b^{2}}{a^{2}}} \int \frac{1}{\frac{a^{2}}{a^2-b^2} \cdot \left(t+\frac{b}{a}\right)^{2}+1} d t (**) \end{aligned}
∫a+b⋅1+t22t1⋅1+t22dt=a1∫1+t2+a2bt2dt=a2∫t2+a2bt+a2b2+1−a2b21dt=a21−a2b21∫a2−b2a2⋅(t+ab)2+11dt(∗∗)
再令 y = a a 2 − b 2 ⋅ ( t + b a ) y=\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2} }\cdot \left(t+\frac{b}{a}\right) y=a2−b2a⋅(t+ab),则 d t = a 2 − b 2 a d y d t=\frac{\sqrt{a^{2} - b^{2}}}{a} d y dt=aa2−b2dy
故有
(
∗
∗
)
=
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a
a
2
−
b
2
∫
a
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b
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/
a
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2
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1
d
y
=
2
a
2
−
b
2
arctan
y
(
∗
∗
∗
)
\begin{aligned} (**) &= \frac{2 a}{a^{2}-b^{2}} \int \frac{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}/a}{y^{2}+1} d y\\ &=\frac{2}{\sqrt{a^{2}-b^{2}}} \arctan y (***) \end{aligned}
(∗∗)=a2−b22a∫y2+1a2−b2/ady=a2−b22arctany(∗∗∗)
最后再将 y = a a 2 − b 2 ( tan x 2 + b a ) y=\frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2-b^2}}\left( \tan \frac{x}{2} + \frac{b}{a} \right) y=a2−b2a(tan2x+ab)代入 ( ∗ ∗ ∗ ) (***) (∗∗∗)中便可证得。