Java网络编程

网络编程

1.1概述

计算机网络:

  1. 地理位置不同
  2. 通过通信线路连接起来
  3. 网络通信协议
  4. 实现资源共享

网络编程的目的:

传播交流信息,数据交换。通信。

想要达到这个效果的需要:

  1. 如何准确定位网络上的主机 192.168.7.211:端口,定位到这个计算机上的某个资源

  2. 找到这个主机,如何传输数据?

    javaweb:网页编程

    网络编程:TCP/IP

1.2 网络通信的要素

通信双方地址:

  • ip
  • 端口号
  • 192.168.7.211:5900

规则:网络通信的协议

[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-1dbhCa3S-1641981187627)(https://github.com/Missyesterday/Picture/blob/main/WeChat9519644001d99d8f18dc5ed8a43f18ca.png?raw=true)]

重点是传输层

1.3 IP

ip地址

  • 唯一定位一台网络上计算机
  • 127.0.0.1:本机localhost
  • ip地址的分类
    • ipv4/ipv6
      • 127.0.0.1,四个字节,0~255,42亿;30亿在北美,亚洲4亿,2011年就用完了
      • ipv6 :128位,8个无符号整数!
    • 公网(互联网)-私网(局域网)
      • ABCD类地址
      • 192.168.xx.xx,专门给组织内部使用的
  • 域名:记忆IP问题
    • www.vip.com

InetAddress类:

package com.he.ip;

import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

//测试IP
public class TestInetAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        try {
            //查询本地机器
            InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
            System.out.println(inetAddress1);
            InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
            System.out.println(inetAddress3);

            //查询网站ip地址
            InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
            System.out.println(inetAddress2);

            //常用方法
            //System.out.println(inetAddress2.getAddress());
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName()); //规范名字
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostAddress());//ip
            System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostName());//域名或者自己电脑的名字

        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

1.4 端口

端口表示计算机上一个程序的进程;

  • 不同的进程有不同的端口号
  • 被规定0-65535
  • TCP,UDP:65536 * 2,单个协议下,端口号不能冲突
  • 端口分类
    • 公有端口 0 ~ 1023
    • HTTP:80
    • HTTPS:443
    • FTP:21
    • Telent:23
  • 程序注册端口:1024~49151,分配用户或程序
    • Tomcat:8080
    • MySQL:3306
    • Oracle:1521
  • 动态、私有端口:49152~65535
    netstat -ano  #查看所有端口,也可以grep
    
package com.he.ip;

import java.net.InetSocketAddress;

//
public class TestInetSocketAddress {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080);
        InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress2 = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress);
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress2);

        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getAddress());
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getHostName());//hosts地址
        System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getPort());//端口

    }
}

1.5 通信协议


协议:约定
网络通信协议:速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制…

问题:非常复杂,分层!

TCP/IP协议:实际上是一组协议

重要:

  • TCP:用户传输协议
  • UDP:用户数据报协议

出名的协议:

  • TCP
  • IP:网络互联协议

TCP对比UDP
TCP:打电话

  • 连接,稳定
  • 三次握手,四次挥手
    最少需要三次,保证稳定链接
     
    
  • 客户端、服务端
  • 传输完成,释放连接,效率低

UDP:发短信

  • 不连接,不稳定
  • 客户端、服务端:没有明确界限
  • 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
  • 导弹
  • DDOS:洪水攻击(饱和攻击)

1.6 TCP

客户端

  1. 连接服务器Socket
  2. 发送消息
package com.he.TCPDemo;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

//客户端
public class TcpClientDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {

        Socket socket = null;
        OutputStream os = null;
        try {
            //1.要知道服务器的地址和端口号
            InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");

            int port = 9999;

            //2。创建一个socket连接
            socket  = new Socket(serverIP,port);

            //3.发送消息 IO流
            os = socket.getOutputStream();
            os.write("你好,我是客户端".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));


        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            if(os != null){
                try {
                    os.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
        //
    }
}

服务器

  1. 建立服务的端口
  2. 等待用户的连接accept
  3. 接受用户的消息
package com.he.TCPDemo;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;

//服务端
public class TCPServerDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
        Socket socket = null;
        InputStream is = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
        try {
            //1。拥有一个地址
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
            //2.等待客户端连接
            socket  = serverSocket.accept();

            //3. 读取客户端消息
             is = socket.getInputStream();

            // 管道流
             baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
                baos.write(buffer,0,len);

            }
            System.out.println(baos.toString());

        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }finally {
            //关闭资源
            if(baos != null){
                try {
                    baos.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if (is != null){
                try {
                    is.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }

            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (serverSocket != null) {
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}


文件上传

服务器端:

package com.he.TCPDemo;


import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class TCPServerDemo02 {
   public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
       //1.创建服务
       ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
       //2.监听客户端的连接
       Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();//阻塞式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
       //3. 获取输入流
       InputStream is = socket.getInputStream();
       //4.文件输出
       FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.jpg"));

       byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
       int len;
       while((len = is.read(buffer)) != -1){
           fos.write(buffer,0,len);
       }


       //通知客户端接受完毕
       OutputStream os = socket.getOutputStream();
       os.write("我接受完毕,你可以断开".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));

       //关闭资源
       fos.close();
       is.close();
       socket.close();
       serverSocket.close();

   }

}

客户端:

package com.he.TCPDemo;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class TCPClientDemo02 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        //1.创建一个Socket连接
        Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
        //2。 创建一个输出流
        OutputStream fos = socket.getOutputStream();

        // 3. 文件流
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(new File("/Users/heyufan1/Desktop/Picture/Xnip2022-01-08_20-56-06.jpg"));
        //4.写出文件
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while ((len = fis.read(buffer))!=-1){
            fos.write(buffer,0,len);
        }
        //通知服务器结束
        socket.shutdownOutput();
        //确定服务器接受完毕才能断开连接

        InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
        //String byte[]
        ByteArrayOutputStream boas = new ByteArrayOutputStream();

        byte[] buffer2 = new byte[1024];
        int len2;
        while((len2=fis.read(buffer2)) != -1 ){
            boas.write(buffer2,0,len2);
        }
        System.out.println(boas.toString());

        //5。关闭资源
        fis.close();
        boas.close();
        socket.close();
    }

}

Tomcat

服务端

  • 自定义S
  • Tomcat服务器S

客户端

  • 自定义C
  • 浏览器B

1.7 UDP

发送端:

package com.he.UDP;

import java.net.*;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1,建立一个socket
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket();

        //2.建一个包
        String msg = "你好,服务器";

        //发送给谁

        InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
        int port = 9090;
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), 0, msg.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8).length, localhost, port);

        //3.发送包
        socket.send(packet);

        //关闭
        socket.close();
    }
}

接收端

package com.he.UDP;

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;

//还是要等待客户端的连接
public class UdpServerDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //开放端口
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
        //接收数据包
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(buffer, 0, buffer.length);//接收
        socket.receive(packet);//阻塞接收

        System.out.println(new String(packet.getData(),0,packet.getLength()));
        //关闭连接
        socket.close();

    }
}

循环发送消息

package com.he.chat;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class UdpSenderDemo01 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);

        //准备数据:控制台读取
        BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

        while (true) {
            String data = reader.readLine();

            byte[] datas = data.getBytes();
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(datas,0,datas.length,new InetSocketAddress("localhost",6666));

            socket.send(packet);
            if(data.equals("bye")){
                break;
            }
        }
        socket.close();

    }
}

循环接收消息

package com.he.chat;

import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;

public class UdpReceiverDemo01 {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);

        while (true) {
            //准备接收包
            byte[] container = new byte[1024];
            DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(container,0,container.length);
            socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收包裹
            //断开连接 bye
            byte[] data = packet.getData();
            String receiveData = new String(data, 0, packet.getLength());
            System.out.println(receiveData);
            if(receiveData.equals("bye")){
                break;
            }



        }

        socket.close();
    }
}

相互发送

两个线程:

package com.he.chat;

public class TalkStudent {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //开启两个线程

        new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
    }


}

package com.he.chat;

public class TalkTeacher {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
        new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
    }

}

1.8 URL

统一资源定位符:定位互联网上的某一个资源
DNS域名解析:把域名变成IP

协议://ip地址:端口/项目名/资源

URL类:

package com.he.URL;

import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
import java.net.URLConnection;

public class URLDown {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //1。下载地址
        //https://github.com/Missyesterday/Picture/blob/main/WeChat9519644001d99d8f18dc5ed8a43f18ca.png?raw=true
        URL url = new URL("https://m10.music.126.net/20220112032921/2b3f455074e3e07e8b0fa0856c4c3ea7/yyaac/515e/005d/5653/f4f0e3561d77555c0450a9e2a95031c6.m4a");//网易云音乐的一首歌


        //2。连接到这个资源
        HttpsURLConnection urlConnection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();

        InputStream inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();

        FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream("f.png");

        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        int len;
        while((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
            fos.write(buffer,0,len);
        }
        fos.close();
        inputStream.close();
        urlConnection.disconnect();
    }
}
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