Linux系统磁盘管理

linux系统中的磁盘管理

一.本地存储设备的识别

fdisk  -l              ##真实存在的设备（不一定是系统识别的）
cat /proc/partitions   ##系统识别的设备
blkid                  ##系统可以使用的设备
df                     ##系统正在挂在的设备

二.设备的挂载和卸载

1.设备名称
/dev/xdx ##/dev/hd0 /dev/hd1 /dex/sda /devsda1
/dev/sr0 ##光驱
/dev/mapper/* ##虚拟设备（用软件模拟出来的）

2.设备的挂载

mount   设备                  挂载点
mount   /dev/sdb1              /mnt       ##挂载sdb1到mnt
umount  /mnt | /dev/sdb1       /mnt       ##卸载
mount -o  ro  /dev/sdb1        /mnt       ##只读挂在
mount                                     ##查看挂载信息
mount -o  remount,rw     /mnt | /dev/sdb1 ##重新读写挂载

3.解决设备正忙问题
[root@foundation14 kiosk]# umount /mnt
umount: /mnt: target is busy.
(In some cases useful info about processes that use
the device is found by lsof(8) or fuser(1))



解决方法1：
lsof /mnt
[root@foundation14 kiosk]# lsof /mnt
lsof: WARNING: can’t stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
bash 6504 root cwd DIR 8,17 16384 1 /mnt

kill -9 6504
umount /mnt



解决方法2：
fuser -vm /mnt ##查看
fuser -kvm /mnt ##查看并结束
[root@foundation14 kiosk]# fuser -kvm /mnt
USER PID ACCESS COMMAND
/mnt: root kernel mount /mnt
root 4742 …c… bash
root 6504 …c… bash

3.磁盘分区
（1）fdisk -l
（2）fdisk /dev/vdb
m
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types
m print this menu
n add a new partition ##新建
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##显示分区信息
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition’s system id ##修改分区id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存
x extra functionality (experts only)
##建立主分区

Command (m for help): n ##新建
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p ##主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): ##用户id默认
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048): ##分区起始
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +500M ##分区大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p ##显示信息

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux

##当系统已经有三个主分区时
Command (m for help): n
Partition type:
p primary (3 primary, 0 extended, 1 free)
e extended
Select (default e):
Using default response e
Selected partition 4
First sector (3074048-20971519, default 3074048):
Using default value 3074048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3074048-20971519, default 20971519):
Using default value 20971519
Partition 4 of type Extended and of size 8.5 GiB is set

##把所有剩余空间都给扩展分区
Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended

四.给设备安装文件系统

mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1
mount /dev/vdb1 /mnt
vim /etc/fstab
设备 挂载点 文件系统 挂载参数 是否备份 是否检测
/dev/vdb1 /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
mount -a

五.swap分区管理

1.swap分区建立

1.划分分区并设定分区标签为82
Command (m for help): n
All primary partitions are in use
Adding logical partition 5
First sector (3076096-20971519, default 3076096):
Using default value 3076096
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (3076096-20971519, default 20971519): +500M
Partition 5 of type Linux and of size 500 MiB is set

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 3076096 4100095 512000 83 Linux

Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-5, default 5): 5
Hex code (type L to list all codes): L
…
Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbf29103c

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 1026048 2050047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 2050048 3074047 512000 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 3074048 20971519 8948736 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 3076096 4100095 512000 82 Linux swap / Solaris

2.手动重新检测分区
partprobe
3.格式化
mkswap /dev/vdb6
[root@localhost ~]# mkswap /dev/vdb5
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 511996 KiB
no label, UUID=33ba8e90-4b6d-4007-96c6-36cdde144f8e
4.挂载
swapon -a /dev/vdb6
5.查看是否挂载成功
swapon -s

2.swap分区的删除

swapoff /dev/fstab
swapon -s

六.配额

1.分区，格式化
2.建立挂载目录
mkdir /public
3.挂载
mount -o usrquota /dev/vdb6 /public
4.配额
edquota -u student
5.设为开机自动挂载
vim /etc/fstab
6.测试
dd if=/dev/zero of=/public/studentfile bs=1M count=500

六.磁盘加密

cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb7
YES
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb7 westos
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos
mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt
touch file{1…10}
umount /mnt
cryptsetup close westos
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb7 linux
mount /dev/mapper/linux /mnt