第三单元
练习 3.1
使用恰当的using 声明重做 1.4.1节和2.6.2节的练习。
#include <iostream>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
int sum = 0;
for (int val = 1; val <= 10; ++val) sum += val;
cout << "1 到 10 的和是： " << sum << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.2
编写一段程序从标准输入中一次读入一行，然后修改该程序使其一次读入一个词。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::getline;
int main()
{
string s;
while (getline(cin,s))
{
cout << s << endl;
}
return 0;
}
输入：i am is zt
输出：i am is zt
输入：yes
输出：yes
练习 3.3
一次读入一个词
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string s;
while (cin >> s)
{
cout << s << endl;
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.4
编写一段程序读取两个字符串，比较其是否相等并输出结果。如果不相等，输出比较大的那个字符串。改写上述程序，比较输入的两个字符串是否等长，如果不等长，输出长度较大的那个字符串。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string str1, str2;
while (cin >> str1 >> str2)
{
if (str1 == str2)
cout << "The two strings are equal." << endl;
else
cout << "The larger string is " << ((str1 > str2) ? str1 : str2);
}
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string str1, str2;
while (cin >> str1 >> str2)
{
if (str1.size() == str2.size())
cout << "The two strings have the same length." << endl;
else
cout << "The longer string is " << ((str1.size() > str2.size()) ? str1 : str2) << endl;
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.5
编写一段程序从标准输入中读入多个字符串并将他们连接起来，输出连接成的大字符串。然后修改上述程序，用空格把输入的多个字符串分割开来。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string result, s;
while (cin >> s)
{
result += s;
}
cout << result << endl;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string result, s;
while (cin >> s)
{
result += s + " ";
}
cout << result << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.6
编写一段程序，使用范围for语句将字符串内所有字符用X代替。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string s = "this is a string";
for (auto &x : s)
{
x = 'X';
}
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.7
分别用while循环和传统for循环重写第一题的程序
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string s = "this is a string";
decltype(s.size()) i = 0;
while (i != s.size())
{
s[i] = 'X';
++i;
}
cout << s << endl;
for (i = 0; i != s.size(); ++i)
{
s[i] = 'Y';
}
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.8
编写一段程序，读入一个包含标点符号的字符串，将标点符号去除后输出字符串剩余的部分。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
int main()
{
string s = "this, is. a :string!";
string result;
for (auto x : s)
{
if (!ispunct(x))
{
result += x;
}
}
cout << result << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.9
编写一段程序，用cin读入一组整数并把它们存入一个vector对象。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <vector>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
int main()
{
vector<int> v;
int i;
while (cin >> i)
{
v.push_back(i);
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.10
改写上题程序，不过这次读入的是字符串。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <vector>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
using std::string;
int main()
{
vector<string> v;
string i;
while (cin >> i)
{
v.push_back(i);
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.11
编写一段程序，把vector对象的容量和具体内容输出出来
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <vector>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
using std::string;
int main()
{
vector<int> v1; // size:0, no values.
vector<int> v2(10); // size:10, value:0
vector<int> v3(10, 42); // size:10, value:42
vector<int> v4{ 10 }; // size:1, value:10
vector<int> v5{ 10, 42 }; // size:2, value:10, 42
vector<string> v6{ 10 }; // size:10, value:""
vector<string> v7{ 10, "hi" }; // size:10, value:"hi"
cout << "v1 size :" << v1.size() << endl;
cout << "v2 size :" << v2.size() << endl;
cout << "v3 size :" << v3.size() << endl;
cout << "v4 size :" << v4.size() << endl;
cout << "v5 size :" << v5.size() << endl;
cout << "v6 size :" << v6.size() << endl;
cout << "v7 size :" << v7.size() << endl;
cout << "v1 content: ";
for (auto i : v1)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
cout << "v2 content: ";
for (auto i : v2)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
cout << "v3 content: ";
for (auto i : v3)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
cout << "v4 content: ";
for (auto i : v4)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
cout << "v5 content: ";
for (auto i : v5)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
cout << "v6 content: ";
for (auto i : v6)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
cout << "v7 content: ";
for (auto i : v7)
{
cout << i << " , ";
}
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.12
从cin读入一组词并把它们存入一个vector对象，然后设法把所有词都改为大写形式。输出改变后的结果，每个词占一行。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <vector>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
using std::string;
int main()
{
vector<string> v;
string s;
while (cin >> s)
{
v.push_back(s);
}
for (auto &str : v)
{
for (auto &c : str)
{
c = toupper(c);
}
}
for (auto i : v)
{
cout << i << endl;
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.13
读入一组整数并把他们存入一个vector对象，将每对相邻整数的和输出出来。改写你的程序，这次要求先输出第一个和最后一个元素的和，接着输出第二个和倒数第二个元素的和，以此类推。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <vector>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
using std::string;
int main()
{
vector<int> ivec;
int i;
while (cin >> i)
{
ivec.push_back(i);
}
for (int i = 0; i < ivec.size() - 1; ++i)
{
cout << ivec[i] + ivec[i + 1] << endl;
}
//---------------------------------
cout << "--------------改写后-----------------" << endl;
int m = 0;
int n = ivec.size() - 1;
while (m < n)
{
cout << ivec[m] + ivec[n] << endl;
++m;
--n;
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.14
请使用迭代器重做3.3.3节的第一个练习。
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using std::vector;
using std::string;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
void check_and_print(const vector<int>& vec)
{
cout << "size: " << vec.size() << " content: [";
for (auto it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ++it)
cout << *it << (it != vec.end() - 1 ? "," : "");
cout << "]\n" << endl;
}
void check_and_print(const vector<string>& vec)
{
cout << "size: " << vec.size() << " content: [";
for (auto it = vec.begin(); it != vec.end(); ++it)
cout << *it << (it != vec.end() - 1 ? "," : "");
cout << "]\n" << endl;
}
int main()
{
vector<int> v1;
vector<int> v2(10);
vector<int> v3(10, 42);
vector<int> v4{ 10 };
vector<int> v5{ 10, 42 };
vector<string> v6{ 10 };
vector<string> v7{ 10, "hi" };
check_and_print(v1);
check_and_print(v2);
check_and_print(v3);
check_and_print(v4);
check_and_print(v5);
check_and_print(v6);
check_and_print(v7);
return 0;
}
练习 3.15
编写一段程序，创建一个含有10个整数的vector对象，然后使用迭代器将所有元素的值都变成原来的两倍。输出vector对象的内容，检验程序是否正确。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
vector<int> v(10, 1);
for (auto it=v.begin(); it!=v.end(); it++){
*it *= 2;
}
for (auto one : v){
cout << one <<endl;
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.16
请使用迭代器重做3.3.3节的最后一个练习。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cctype>
#include <vector>
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::vector;
using std::string;
int main()
{
vector<int> ivec;
int i;
while (cin >> i)
{
ivec.push_back(i);
}
for (auto it = ivec.begin(); it != ivec.end() - 1; ++it)
{
cout << *it + *(it + 1) << endl;
}
//---------------------------------
cout << "---------------------------------" << endl;
auto it1 = ivec.begin();
auto it2 = ivec.end() - 1;
while (it1 < it2)
{
cout << *it1 + *it2 << endl;
++it1;
--it2;
}
return 0;
}
练习 3.17
3.3.3节划分分数段的程序是使用下标运算符实现的，请利用迭代器改写该程序实现完全相同的功能。
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using std::vector; using std::cout; using std::cin; using std::endl;
int main()
{
vector<unsigned> scores(11, 0);
unsigned grade;
while (cin >> grade)
{
if (grade <= 100)
++*(scores.begin() + grade / 10);
}
for (auto s : scores)
cout << s << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.18
编写一段程序，定义一个含有10个int的数组，令每个元素的值就是其下标值。
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main()
{
int arr[10];
for (auto i = 0; i < 10; ++i) arr[i] = i;
for (auto i : arr) cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.19
将上一题刚刚创建的数组拷贝给另一数组。利用vector重写程序，实现类似的功能。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::vector;
int main()
{
// array
int arr[10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) arr[i] = i;
int arr2[10];
for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) arr2[i] = arr[i];
// vector
vector<int> v(10);
for (int i = 0; i != 10; ++i) v[i] = arr[i];
vector<int> v2(v);
for (auto i : v2) cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.20
编写一段程序，利用指针将数组中的元素置为0。
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main()
{
const int size = 10;
int arr[size];
for (auto ptr = arr; ptr != arr + size; ++ptr) *ptr = 0;
for (auto i : arr) cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.21
编写一段程序，比较两个数组是否相等。再写一段程序，比较两个vector对象是否相等。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <iterator>
using std::begin; using std::end; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::vector;
// pb point to begin of the array, pe point to end of the array.
bool compare(int* const pb1, int* const pe1, int* const pb2, int* const pe2)
{
if ((pe1 - pb1) != (pe2 - pb2)) // have different size.
return false;
else
{
for (int* i = pb1, *j = pb2; (i != pe1) && (j != pe2); ++i, ++j)
if (*i != *j) return false;
}
return true;
}
int main()
{
int arr1[3] = { 0, 1, 2 };
int arr2[3] = { 0, 2, 4 };
if (compare(begin(arr1), end(arr1), begin(arr2), end(arr2)))
cout << "The two arrays are equal." << endl;
else
cout << "The two arrays are not equal." << endl;
cout << "==========" << endl;
vector<int> vec1 = { 0, 1, 2 };
vector<int> vec2 = { 0, 1, 2 };
if (vec1 == vec2)
cout << "The two vectors are equal." << endl;
else
cout << "The two vectors are not equal." << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.22
编写一段程序，比较两个 string 对象。再编写一段程序，比较两个C风格字符串的内容。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::string;
int main()
{
// use string.
string s1("Mooophy"), s2("Pezy");
if (s1 == s2)
cout << "same string." << endl;
else if (s1 > s2)
cout << "Mooophy > Pezy" << endl;
else
cout << "Mooophy < Pezy" << endl;
cout << "=========" << endl;
// use C-Style character strings.
const char* cs1 = "Wangyue";
const char* cs2 = "Pezy";
auto result = strcmp(cs1, cs2);
if (result == 0)
cout << "same string." << endl;
else if (result < 0)
cout << "Wangyue < Pezy" << endl;
else
cout << "Wangyue > Pezy" << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.23
编写一段程序，定义两个字符数组并用字符串字面值初始化它们；接着再定义一个字符数组存放前面两个数组连接后的结果。使用strcpy和strcat把前两个数组的内容拷贝到第三个数组当中。
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
const char cstr1[]="Hello";
const char cstr2[]="world!";
int main()
{
constexpr size_t new_size = strlen(cstr1) + strlen(" ") + strlen(cstr2) +1;
char cstr3[new_size];
strcpy(cstr3, cstr1);
strcat(cstr3, " ");
strcat(cstr3, cstr2);
std::cout << cstr3 << std::endl;
}
练习 3.24
编写一段程序，用整型数组初始化一个vector对象。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using std::vector; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::begin; using std::end;
int main()
{
int arr[] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
vector<int> v(begin(arr), end(arr));
for (auto i : v) cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.25
编写一段程序，将含有整数元素的 vector 对象拷贝给一个整型数组。
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
using std::vector; using std::cout; using std::endl; using std::begin; using std::end;
int main()
{
vector<int> v{ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
int arr[10];
for (int i = 0; i != v.size(); ++i) arr[i] = v[i];
for (auto i : arr) cout << i << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.26
编写3个不同版本的程序，令其均能输出ia的元素。 版本1使用范围for语句管理迭代过程；版本2和版本3都使用普通for语句，其中版本2要求使用下标运算符，版本3要求使用指针。 此外，在所有3个版本的程序中都要直接写出数据类型，而不能使用类型别名、auto关键字和decltype关键字。
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main()
{
int arr[3][4] =
{
{ 0, 1, 2, 3 },
{ 4, 5, 6, 7 },
{ 8, 9, 10, 11 }
};
// range for
for (const int(&row)[4] : arr)
for (int col : row) cout << col << " ";
cout << endl;
// for loop
for (size_t i = 0; i != 3; ++i)
for (size_t j = 0; j != 4; ++j) cout << arr[i][j] << " ";
cout << endl;
// using pointers.
for (int(*row)[4] = arr; row != arr + 3; ++row)
for (int *col = *row; col != *row + 4; ++col) cout << *col << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.27
改写上一个练习中的程序，使用类型别名来代替循环控制变量的类型。
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main()
{
int ia[3][4] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 };
// a range for to manage the iteration
// use type alias
using int_array = int[4];
for (int_array& p : ia)
for (int q : p)
cout << q << " ";
cout << endl;
// ordinary for loop using subscripts
for (size_t i = 0; i != 3; ++i)
for (size_t j = 0; j != 4; ++j)
cout << ia[i][j] << " ";
cout << endl;
// using pointers.
// use type alias
for (int_array* p = ia; p != ia + 3; ++p)
for (int *q = *p; q != *p + 4; ++q)
cout << *q << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
练习 3.28
再一次改写程序，这次使用 auto 关键字。
#include <iostream>
using std::cout; using std::endl;
int main()
{
int ia[3][4] = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 };
// a range for to manage the iteration
for (auto& p : ia)
for (int q : p)
cout << q << " ";
cout << endl;
// ordinary for loop using subscripts
for (size_t i = 0; i != 3; ++i)
for (size_t j = 0; j != 4; ++j)
cout << ia[i][j] << " ";
cout << endl;
// using pointers.
for (auto p = ia; p != ia + 3; ++p)
for (int *q = *p; q != *p + 4; ++q)
cout << *q << " ";
cout << endl;
return 0;
}
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