文章目录
1. 微积分
1.1 周期性
-
f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是以 T T T为周期的连续可微函数,下列函数中以 T T T为周期的是：
- ∫ a x f ( x ) d t \int_a^xf(x)dt ∫axf(x)dt
- ∫ a x f ( t 2 ) d t \int_a^xf(t^2)dt ∫axf(t2)dt
- ∫ a x f ′ ( x ) d t \int_a^xf'(x)dt ∫axf′(x)dt
- ∫ a x f ( t ) f ′ ( t ) d t \int_a^xf(t)f'(t)dt ∫axf(t)f′(t)dt
解答：正确答案为
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
f
′
(
t
)
d
t
\int_0^xf(t)f'(t)dt
∫0xf(t)f′(t)dt，分为两步
首先，求出原函数：
∫
a
x
f
(
t
)
f
′
(
t
)
d
t
=
∫
a
x
f
(
t
)
d
f
(
t
)
=
1
2
[
f
(
t
)
]
2
∣
t
=
a
t
=
x
=
1
2
(
[
f
(
x
)
]
2
−
[
f
(
a
)
]
2
)
\begin{aligned} \int_a^xf(t)f'(t)dt & = \int_a^xf(t)df(t) \\ & = \frac{1}{2}[f(t)]^2\big| _{t=a}^{t=x} \\ & = \frac{1}{2}\left([f(x)]^2 - [f(a)]^2 \right) \end{aligned}
∫axf(t)f′(t)dt=∫axf(t)df(t)=21[f(t)]2∣∣t=at=x=21([f(x)]2−[f(a)]2)
其次，验证周期性：
F
(
x
+
T
)
=
1
2
(
[
f
(
x
+
T
)
]
2
−
[
f
(
a
)
]
2
)
=
f
(
x
+
T
)
=
f
(
x
)
1
2
(
[
f
(
x
)
]
2
−
[
f
(
a
)
]
2
)
=
F
(
x
)
\begin{aligned} F(x+T) & = \frac{1}{2}\left([f(x+T)]^2 - [f(a)]^2 \right)\\ & \overset{f(x+T) = f(x)}{=}\frac{1}{2}\left([f(x)]^2 - [f(a)]^2 \right)\\ & = F(x) \end{aligned}
F(x+T)=21([f(x+T)]2−[f(a)]2)=f(x+T)=f(x)21([f(x)]2−[f(a)]2)=F(x)
因此选择4选项。
2. 无穷级数
2.1 级数展开
- 试将
x
3
\sqrt{x^3}
x3在
x
=
1
x=1
x=1处级数展开。
解:
在解决这个问题之前，先复习一下级数公式，
( 1 + x ) α = ∑ n = 0 ∞ α ( α − 1 ) ⋯ ( α − n + 1 ) n ! x n (2.1) (1+x)^\alpha = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{\alpha(\alpha-1)\cdots(\alpha-n+1)}{n!}x^n \tag{2.1} (1+x)α=n=0∑∞n!α(α−1)⋯(α−n+1)xn(2.1)
其中 − 1 < x < 1 -1<x<1 −1<x<1。
前 n n n项奇数阶乘公式：
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋯ ( 2 n + 1 ) ⏟ n 项 = ( 2 n + 1 ) ! n ! 2 n (2.2) \underbrace{1\cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdots (2n+1)}_{n项} = \frac{(2n+1)!}{n!2^n} \tag{2.2} n项 1⋅3⋅5⋯(2n+1)=n!2n(2n+1)!(2.2)
再做一个算例：
3 2 ⋅ ( 3 2 − 1 ) ⋅ ( 3 2 − 2 ) ⋯ [ 3 2 − ( n − 1 ) ] = ∏ i = 0 n − 1 ( 3 2 − i ) = ∏ i = 0 n − 1 ( 3 − 2 i 2 ) = 1 2 n ∏ i = 0 n − 1 ( 3 − 2 i ) = 1 2 n ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ ( − 1 ) ⋅ ( − 3 ) ⋯ ( 5 − 2 n ) ⏟ n − 2 项 = 3 2 n ( − 1 ) n − 2 ( 2 n − 3 ) ! ( n − 2 ) ! 2 n − 2 (2.3) \frac{3}{2} \cdot (\frac{3}{2}-1) \cdot(\frac{3}{2}-2) \cdots [\frac{3}{2}-(n-1)]=\prod_{i=0}^{n-1}(\frac{3}{2}-i) = \prod_{i=0}^{n-1}(\frac{3-2i}{2})\\ \begin{aligned} & = \frac{1}{2^n} \prod_{i=0}^{n-1}(3-2i)=\frac{1}{2^n} \cdot 3 \cdot 1 \underbrace{\cdot (-1) \cdot (-3) \cdots (5-2n)}_{n-2项} \\ &= \frac{3}{2^n}(-1)^{n-2}\frac{(2n-3)!}{(n-2)!2^{n-2}} \end{aligned} \tag{2.3} 23⋅(23−1)⋅(23−2)⋯[23−(n−1)]=i=0∏n−1(23−i)=i=0∏n−1(23−2i)=2n1i=0∏n−1(3−2i)=2n1⋅3⋅1n−2项 ⋅(−1)⋅(−3)⋯(5−2n)=2n3(−1)n−2(n−2)!2n−2(2n−3)!(2.3)
那么：
x 3 = [ 1 + ( x − 1 ) ] 3 2 = ( 2.3 ) 1 + 3 2 ( x − 1 ) + ∑ n = 2 ∞ 3 2 ⋅ ( 3 2 − 1 ) ⋅ ( 3 2 − 2 ) ⋯ [ 3 2 − ( n − 1 ) ] n ! ( x − 1 ) n = 1 + 3 2 ( x − 1 ) + ∑ n = 2 ∞ 3 ( − 1 ) n − 2 ( 2 n − 3 ) ! 2 n − 2 n ! ( n − 2 ) ! ( x − 1 2 ) n = 1 + 3 2 ( x − 1 ) + ∑ n = 0 ∞ 3 ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n − 1 ) ! 2 n − 2 n ! ( n − 2 ) ! ( x − 1 2 ) n = 1 + 3 2 ( x − 1 ) + ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n − 1 ) ! ( n ! ) 2 3 ( n + 1 ) ( n + 2 ) 2 n ( x − 1 2 ) n \begin{aligned} \sqrt{x^ 3} & = \left[ 1+(x-1) \right]^{\frac{3}{2}} \\ & \overset{(2.3)} = 1 + \frac{3}{2}(x-1) + \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{\frac{3}{2} \cdot (\frac{3}{2}-1) \cdot(\frac{3}{2}-2) \cdots [\frac{3}{2}-(n-1)]}{n!} (x-1)^n \\ & = 1 + \frac{3}{2}(x-1) + \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{3(-1)^{n-2}(2n-3)!}{2^{n-2}n!(n-2)!} \left(\frac{x-1}{2} \right)^n \\ & = 1 + \frac{3}{2}(x-1) + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{3(-1)^n(2n-1)!}{2^{n-2}n!(n-2)!} \left(\frac{x-1}{2} \right)^n \\ & = 1 + \frac{3}{2}(x-1) + \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}(-1)^n\frac{(2n-1)!}{(n!)^2}\frac{3}{(n+1)(n+2)2^n} \left(\frac{x-1}{2} \right)^n \end{aligned} x3=[1+(x−1)]23=(2.3)1+23(x−1)+n=2∑∞n!23⋅(23−1)⋅(23−2)⋯[23−(n−1)](x−1)n=1+23(x−1)+n=2∑∞2n−2n!(n−2)!3(−1)n−2(2n−3)!(2x−1)n=1+23(x−1)+n=0∑∞2n−2n!(n−2)!3(−1)n(2n−1)!(2x−1)n=1+23(x−1)+n=0∑∞(−1)n(n!)2(2n−1)!(n+1)(n+2)2n3(2x−1)n
2.2 无穷级数化简
- 已知
p
+
q
=
1
p+q=1
p+q=1, 请化简：
∑ i = k + ∞ λ i i ! e − λ i ! k ! ( i − k ) ! p k q i − k \sum_{i=k}^{+\infin}\frac{\lambda^i}{i!}e^{-\lambda}\frac{i!}{k!(i-k)!}p^kq^{i-k} i=k∑+∞i!λie−λk!(i−k)!i!pkqi−k
思路：利用指数函数的泰勒公式 ∑ i = 0 + ∞ x i i ! = e x \sum_{i=0}^{+\infin}\frac{x^i}{i!}=e^x ∑i=0+∞i!xi=ex化简级数项，注意指标变量变换前的和与变换后的和相等。
解：
∑ i = k + ∞ λ i i ! e − λ i ! k ! ( i − k ) ! p k q i − k = ∑ i = k + ∞ λ i e − λ k ! ( i − k ) ! p k q i − k = ∑ i = 0 + ∞ λ i + k e − λ k ! i ! p k q i = e − λ = e − λ ( p + q ) ( λ p ) k k ! e − λ p ∑ i = 0 + ∞ ( λ q ) i i ! e − λ q = ( λ p ) k k ! e − λ p e λ q e − λ q = ( λ p ) k k ! e − λ p \begin{aligned} \sum_{i=k}^{+\infin}\frac{\lambda^i}{i!}e^{-\lambda}\frac{i!}{k!(i-k)!}p^kq^{i-k}& = \sum_{i=k}^{+\infin}\frac{\lambda^ie^{-\lambda}}{k!(i-k)!}p^kq^{i-k} \\ &=\sum_{i=0}^{+\infin}\frac{\lambda^{i+k}e^{-\lambda}}{k!i!}p^kq^i \\ & \overset{e^{-\lambda} = e^{-\lambda(p+q)}}{=} \frac{(\lambda p)^k}{k!}e^{-\lambda p}\sum_{i=0}^{+\infin}\frac{(\lambda q)^i}{i!}e^{-\lambda q} \\ & = \frac{(\lambda p)^k}{k!}e^{-\lambda p} e^{\lambda q} e^{-\lambda q} \\ & = \frac{(\lambda p)^k}{k!}e^{-\lambda p} \end{aligned} i=k∑+∞i!λie−λk!(i−k)!i!pkqi−k=i=k∑+∞k!(i−k)!λie−λpkqi−k=i=0∑+∞k!i!λi+ke−λpkqi=e−λ=e−λ(p+q)k!(λp)ke−λpi=0∑+∞i!(λq)ie−λq=k!(λp)ke−λpeλqe−λq=k!(λp)ke−λp
3. 定积分
3.1 分部积分法
- 已知
a
n
=
∫
0
1
x
n
1
−
x
2
d
x
a_n = \int_0^1x^n\sqrt{1-x^2}dx
an=∫01xn1−x2dx，求证：
a
n
=
n
−
1
n
+
2
a
n
−
2
a_n = \frac{n-1}{n+2}a_{n-2}
an=n+2n−1an−2
证明：
∵
\because
∵
a
n
=
∫
0
1
x
n
1
−
x
2
d
x
a_n = \int_0^1x^n\sqrt{1-x^2}dx \\
an=∫01xn1−x2dx
∴
\therefore
∴
a
n
−
2
=
∫
0
1
x
n
−
2
1
−
x
2
d
x
a_{n-2} = \int_0^1x^{n-2}\sqrt{1-x^2}dx \\
an−2=∫01xn−21−x2dx
又
∵
\because
∵
a
n
=
∫
0
1
x
n
1
−
x
2
d
x
=
−
1
3
∫
0
1
x
n
−
1
(
−
3
x
)
1
−
x
2
d
x
\begin{aligned} a_n & = \int_0^1x^n\sqrt{1-x^2}dx\\ & = -\frac{1}{3}\int_0^1x^{n-1}(-3x)\sqrt{1-x^2}dx \\ \end{aligned}
an=∫01xn1−x2dx=−31∫01xn−1(−3x)1−x2dx
令:
u
=
x
n
−
1
,
v
=
(
1
−
x
2
)
3
2
u=x^{n-1},v=(1-x^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}
u=xn−1,v=(1−x2)23,则：
u
′
=
(
n
−
1
)
x
n
−
2
,
v
′
=
3
2
(
1
−
x
2
)
1
2
⋅
(
−
2
x
)
=
−
3
x
(
1
−
x
2
)
1
2
u'=(n-1)x^{n-2},v'=\frac{3}{2}(1-x^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}\cdot(-2x)=-3x(1-x^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}
u′=(n−1)xn−2,v′=23(1−x2)21⋅(−2x)=−3x(1−x2)21
故：
a
n
=
−
1
3
∫
0
1
u
v
′
d
x
=
−
1
3
∫
0
1
u
d
v
=
−
1
3
(
u
v
∣
0
1
−
∫
0
1
v
d
u
)
=
−
1
3
(
x
n
−
1
(
1
−
x
2
)
3
2
∣
0
1
−
∫
0
1
(
1
−
x
2
)
3
2
(
n
−
1
)
x
n
−
2
d
x
)
=
1
3
∫
0
1
(
1
−
x
2
)
(
1
−
x
2
)
1
2
(
n
−
1
)
x
n
−
2
d
x
=
n
−
1
3
[
∫
0
1
x
n
−
2
(
1
−
x
2
)
1
2
d
x
−
∫
0
1
x
n
(
1
−
x
2
)
1
2
d
x
]
\begin{aligned} a_n & = -\frac{1}{3}\int_0^1uv'dx \\ & = -\frac{1}{3}\int_0^1udv \\ & = -\frac{1}{3}\left ( \left.uv\right|_0^1 - \int_0^1vdu\right) \\ & = \left. -\frac{1}{3} \left(x^{n-1}(1-x^2)^{\frac{3}{2}} \right|_0^1 - \int_0^1(1-x^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}(n-1)x^{n-2}dx \right ) \\ & = \frac{1}{3}\int_0^1(1-x^2)(1-x^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}(n-1)x^{n-2}dx \\ & = \frac{n-1}{3} \left [ \int_0^1x^{n-2}(1-x^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}dx - \int_0^1x^n(1-x^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}dx \right ] \end{aligned}
an=−31∫01uv′dx=−31∫01udv=−31(uv∣01−∫01vdu)=−31(xn−1(1−x2)23∣∣∣01−∫01(1−x2)23(n−1)xn−2dx)=31∫01(1−x2)(1−x2)21(n−1)xn−2dx=3n−1[∫01xn−2(1−x2)21dx−∫01xn(1−x2)21dx]
即：
a
n
=
n
−
1
3
(
a
n
−
2
−
a
n
)
a_n = \frac{n-1}{3}(a_{n-2} - a_n)
an=3n−1(an−2−an)
整理得：
a
n
=
n
−
1
n
+
2
a
n
−
2
a_n = \frac{n-1}{n+2}a_{n-2}
an=n+2n−1an−2
4. 二元函数最值问题
题目：求函数
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
(
x
+
1
)
2
+
(
y
+
1
)
2
f(x,y)=(x+1)^2+(y+1)^2
f(x,y)=(x+1)2+(y+1)2在条件
x
2
+
y
2
+
x
y
−
3
=
0
x^2+y^2+xy-3=0
x2+y2+xy−3=0下的最值。
求解:设拉格朗日函数
F
(
x
,
y
)
=
f
(
x
,
y
)
+
λ
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
x
y
−
3
)
F(x,y)=f(x,y)+\lambda(x^2+y^2+xy-3)
F(x,y)=f(x,y)+λ(x2+y2+xy−3),分别对变量
x
,
y
,
λ
x,y,\lambda
x,y,λ求偏导得:
{
∂
F
∂
x
=
2
(
x
+
1
)
+
λ
(
2
x
+
y
)
∂
F
∂
y
=
2
(
y
+
1
)
+
λ
(
2
y
+
x
)
∂
F
∂
λ
=
x
2
+
y
2
+
x
y
−
3
(4.1)
\left \{ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial F}{\partial x} &= 2(x+1) + \lambda(2x+y) \\ \frac{\partial F}{\partial y} &= 2(y+1) + \lambda(2y+x) \\ \frac{\partial F}{\partial \lambda} &= x^2+y^2+xy-3 \\ \tag{4.1} \end{aligned} \right.
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧∂x∂F∂y∂F∂λ∂F=2(x+1)+λ(2x+y)=2(y+1)+λ(2y+x)=x2+y2+xy−3(4.1)
令偏导为零可得如下方程组:
{
2
(
x
+
1
)
+
λ
(
2
x
+
y
)
=
0
2
(
y
+
1
)
+
λ
(
2
y
+
x
)
=
0
x
2
+
y
2
+
x
y
−
3
=
0
(4.2)
\left \{ \begin{aligned} &2(x+1) + \lambda(2x+y) = 0 \\ &2(y+1) + \lambda(2y+x) = 0 \\ &x^2+y^2+xy-3 = 0\\ \end{aligned} \right.\tag{4.2}
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧2(x+1)+λ(2x+y)=02(y+1)+λ(2y+x)=0x2+y2+xy−3=0(4.2)
该方程组是一个三元二次方程组，一般这类方程组需要
3
×
2
=
6
3\times2=6
3×2=6个独立方程才能求解，但这个题目比较特殊(答题人设计好了 hhh)，前两个方程都是一次，而第三个方程为二次，因而可按照消元降次的思路进行求解。具体地：
将前两个三元一次方程作差可得：
(
λ
+
2
)
(
x
−
y
)
=
0
(4.3)
(\lambda + 2)(x - y) = 0 \tag{4.3}
(λ+2)(x−y)=0(4.3)
那么式(4.3)的解将有三种情况，分别进行讨论：
A.
x
=
y
x=y
x=y且
λ
=
−
2
\lambda = -2
λ=−2，将其带入第一个方程可得
x
=
y
=
1
/
2
x=y=1/2
x=y=1/2，显然该解不能满足第三个方程(这意味着该解不满足约束条件)，故
x
=
y
=
1
/
2
x=y=1/2
x=y=1/2不是方程组(4.2)的解；
B.
x
=
y
x = y
x=y且
λ
≠
−
2
\lambda \ne -2
λ=−2，将其带入第三个方程可得
x
=
y
=
1
x=y=1
x=y=1或
x
=
y
=
−
1
x=y=-1
x=y=−1，将该解带入到第一个方程可得
λ
=
−
4
/
3
\lambda = - 4/3
λ=−4/3或
λ
=
0
\lambda=0
λ=0，该解满足条件；
C.
x
≠
y
x \ne y
x=y且
λ
=
−
2
\lambda=-2
λ=−2，将其带入第一个方程得
x
+
y
=
1
x+y=1
x+y=1，利用该式可对第三个方程降次，得
x
=
−
1
,
y
=
2
x=-1,y=2
x=−1,y=2或
x
=
2
,
y
=
−
1
x=2,y=-1
x=2,y=−1，该解满足条件。
综上所述，方程组(4.2)的解为：
{
x
=
−
1
,
y
=
−
1
,
λ
=
0
⇒
f
(
−
1
,
−
1
)
=
0
x
=
1
,
y
=
1
,
λ
=
−
4
3
⇒
f
(
1
,
1
)
=
0
x
=
−
1
,
y
=
2
,
λ
=
−
2
⇒
f
(
−
1
,
2
)
=
9
x
=
2
,
y
=
−
1
,
λ
=
−
2
⇒
f
(
2
,
−
1
)
=
9
(4.4)
\left \{ \begin{aligned} &x=-1,y=-1,\lambda=0 \Rightarrow f(-1,-1) = 0 \\ &x=1,y=1,\lambda=-\frac{4}{3} \Rightarrow f(1,1) = 0 \\ &x=-1,y=2,\lambda=-2 \Rightarrow f(-1,2) = 9 \\ &x=2,y=-1,\lambda=-2 \Rightarrow f(2,-1) = 9 \\ \end{aligned} \right. \tag{4.4}
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧x=−1,y=−1,λ=0⇒f(−1,−1)=0x=1,y=1,λ=−34⇒f(1,1)=0x=−1,y=2,λ=−2⇒f(−1,2)=9x=2,y=−1,λ=−2⇒f(2,−1)=9(4.4)
故函数
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)的最大值为9，最小值为0。
5. ∞ − ∞ \infty-\infty ∞−∞极限
对于此类型极限，可以先通过换元，将其化为 0 0 \frac{0}{0} 00型，再进行计算。
5.1 换元+泰勒求极限
题目： 求极限：
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
−
x
6
3
+
x
2
)
\lim_{x\to \infin}\left(\sqrt[3]{1-x^6}+x^2\right)
x→∞lim(31−x6+x2)
求解：
lim
x
→
∞
(
1
−
x
6
3
+
x
2
)
=
t
=
1
x
lim
t
→
0
(
1
−
(
1
t
)
6
3
+
(
1
t
)
2
)
=
lim
t
→
0
1
−
t
6
−
1
3
t
2
=
∗
lim
t
→
0
t
4
=
0
(5.1)
\begin{aligned} \lim_{x\to \infin}\left(\sqrt[3]{1-x^6}+x^2\right) &\overset{t=\frac{1}{x}} = \lim_{t\to0}\left( \sqrt[3]{1-\left( \frac{1}{t}\right)^6} +\left( \frac{1}{t}\right)^2\right) \\ & = \lim_{t \to 0}\frac{1-\sqrt[3]{t^6-1}}{t^2}\\ & \overset{*}= \lim_{t\to 0} t^4 =0 \tag{5.1} \end{aligned}
x→∞lim(31−x6+x2)=t=x1t→0lim⎝⎛31−(t1)6+(t1)2⎠⎞=t→0limt21−3t6−1=∗t→0limt4=0(5.1)
“*”处用到了根式泰勒展开公式:
1
−
t
6
3
=
1
+
(
−
t
6
)
3
=
[
1
+
(
−
t
6
)
]
1
3
=
1
+
1
3
(
−
t
6
)
+
o
(
−
t
6
)
\sqrt[3]{1-t^6} = \sqrt[3]{1+(-t^6)}=\left[ 1+(-t^6)\right]^{\frac{1}{3}}=1+\frac{1}{3}(-t^6)+o(-t^6)
31−t6=31+(−t6)=[1+(−t6)]31=1+31(−t6)+o(−t6)
5.2 换元+洛必达求极限
题目： 求极限：
lim
x
→
−
∞
[
4
x
2
+
x
l
n
(
2
+
1
x
)
+
2
x
l
n
2
]
\begin{aligned} \lim_{x \to -\infty}\left[ \sqrt{4x^2+x}ln\left( 2+\frac{1}{x} \right) + 2xln2\right] \end{aligned}
x→−∞lim[4x2+xln(2+x1)+2xln2]
求解：
lim
x
→
−
∞
[
4
x
2
+
x
l
n
(
2
+
1
x
)
+
2
x
l
n
2
]
=
t
=
1
x
lim
t
→
0
−
[
4
+
t
t
2
l
n
(
2
+
t
)
+
2
l
n
2
t
]
=
∗
lim
t
→
0
−
−
4
+
t
l
n
(
2
+
t
)
+
2
l
n
2
t
=
洛
lim
t
→
0
−
−
l
n
(
2
+
t
)
2
4
+
t
−
4
+
t
2
+
t
=
−
1
4
l
n
(
2
+
t
)
−
1
\begin{aligned} & \lim_{x \to -\infty}\left[ \sqrt{4x^2+x}ln\left( 2+\frac{1}{x} \right) + 2xln2\right] \\ & \overset{t=\frac{1}{x}} = \lim_{t \to 0^{-}}\left[ \sqrt{\frac{4+t}{t^2}}ln\left( 2+ t\right) + \frac{2ln2}{t} \right] \\ & \overset{*} = \lim_{t \to 0^{-}}\frac{-\sqrt{4+t}ln\left (2+t \right)+2ln2}{t} \\ & \overset{洛}= \lim_{t \to 0^{-}} \frac{-ln(2+t)}{2\sqrt{4+t}}-\frac{\sqrt{4+t}}{2+t} \\ & = -\frac{1}{4}ln(2+t)-1 \end{aligned}
x→−∞lim[4x2+xln(2+x1)+2xln2]=t=x1t→0−lim[t24+tln(2+t)+t2ln2]=∗t→0−limt−4+tln(2+t)+2ln2=洛t→0−lim24+t−ln(2+t)−2+t4+t=−41ln(2+t)−1
"*"处注意
t
2
=
(
−
t
)
2
=
−
t
\sqrt{t^2} = \sqrt{(-t)^2}=-t
t2=(−t)2=−t
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