python基础学习（第一天）

python基础学习（第一天）

• str, repr, r

>>> print(repr("Hello,\nworld!")) 
'Hello,\nworld!' 
>>> print(str("Hello,\nworld!")) 
Hello, 
world! 

str将值转化为用户看懂的字符串，repr用以表示表达式的值。

>>> print(r"hello,\n world")
hello,\n world
>>> print(r"hello,world\")
  File "<stdin>", line 1
    print(r"hello,world\")
                         ^
SyntaxError: EOL while scanning string literal
>>> print(r"hello\
... world")
hello\
world

r表示原始字符串，原始字符串打印，但是末尾能不能是转义符。

• python终端清屏

>>> import os
>>> os.system("cls")

• 数字表示

>>> round(5/6)
1
>>> 5/6
0.8333333333333334
>>> int(5/6)
0
>>> math.floor(5/7)
0
>>> math.ceil(5/7)
1

• 序列

索引

>>> str1=["hhhh",6,7,9]
>>> print(str1[0])
hhhh
>>>print(str1[-1])#倒数
9

切片

>>> ints=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
>>> ints[0:4]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> ints[:4]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> ints[-3:-1]
[8, 9]
>>> ints[-3:0]
[]
>>> ints[-3:]
[8, 9, 10]

#显示声明步长
>>> ints[0:4:1]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> ints[0:4:2]
[1, 3]
>>> ints[::3]
[1, 4, 7, 10]

运算

ints1=[1,2,3]
>>> ints1+ints
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> str1=["hhh","hh"]
>>> str1+ints
['hhh', 'hh', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> ints+"hhh"
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "str") to list
>>> ints*3
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

>>> sequence = [None] * 10 
>>> sequence 
[None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None] 

>>> 11 in ints
False
>>> 5 in ints
True	#注意大小写
>>> len(ints)
10
>>> max(ints)
10
>>> min(ints)
1

• List

>>> list("hhhh")
['h', 'h', 'h', 'h']

>>> list1=list("hhhgggg")
>>> list1
['h', 'h', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g']
>>> list2="".join(list1)
>>> list2
'hhhgggg'

>>> del list1[3]
>>> list1
['h', 'h', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g']

#切片替换
>>> list1[0:2]=list("dfd")
>>> list1
['d', 'f', 'd', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g']

• 列表方法
  复制、引用

>>> list2=list1
>>> list2[0]="w"
>>> list1
['w', 'f', 'd', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g']
>>> list2[0]="hhh"
>>> list1
['hhh', 'f', 'd', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g']
>>> list3=list1.copy()
>>> list3[0]="ggg"
>>> list1
['hhh', 'f', 'd', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g']

extend()

>>> list1.extend(list2)
>>> list1
['hhh', 'f', 'd', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'hhh', 'f', 'd', 'h', 'g', 'g', 'g']

sort(), sorted(para)

>>> list1.sort()
>>> list1
['d', 'd', 'f', 'f', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'h', 'h', 'hhh', 'hhh']
>>> list2=list1.sort()
>>> list2
>>> list2=sorted(list1)
>>> list2
['d', 'd', 'f', 'f', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'g', 'h', 'h', 'hhh', 'hhh']

>>> list1=["h","hhh","gg","","dhgjd"]
>>> list1.sort(key=len)#函数对象len
>>> list1
['', 'h', 'gg', 'hhh', 'dhgjd']

>>> list1.sort(key=len,reverse=True)
>>> list1
['dhgjd', 'hhh', 'gg', 'h', '']