一、基本操作
- ndarray.方法()
- numpy.函数名()
二、ndarray与Python原生list运算效率对比
import numpy as np
import random
import time
# 生成一个大数组
python_list = []
for i in range(10000000):
python_list.append(random.random())
ndarray_list = np.array(python_list)
# 原生pythonlist求和
t1 = time.time()
a = sum(python_list)
t2 = time.time()
# ndarray求和
t3 = time.time()
b = np.sum(ndarray_list)
t4 = time.time()
d1 = t2-t1
d2 = t4-t3
print(d1,d2)
运行结果:
0.2780158519744873 0.039002418518066406
三、ndarray的属性
属性名字 | 属性解释 |
---|---|
ndarray.shape | 数组维度的元组 |
ndarray.ndim | 数组维度 |
ndarray.size | 数组中的元素数量 |
ndarray.itemsize | 一个数组元素的长度(字节) |
ndarray.dtype | 数组元素的类型 |
import numpy as np
score = np.array([[80,89,86,67,79],
[78,97,89,67,81],
[90,94,78,67,74],
[91,91,90,67,69],
[76,87,75,67,86],
[70,79,84,67,84],
[94,92,93,67,64],
[86,85,83,67,80]])
score.shape #(8,5)
score.ndim # 2
score.size # 40
score.dtype # dtype('int32')
score.itemsize # 4
四、ndarray的形状
import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
b = np.array([1,2,3,4])
c = np.array([[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]],[[1,2,3],[4,5,6]]])
a.shape # (2,3) 二维数组
b.shape # (4,) 一维数组
c.shape # (2,2,3) 三维数组
五、ndarray的类型
名称 | 描述 | 简写 |
---|---|---|
np.bool | 用一个字节储存的布尔类型(True或False) | ‘b’ |
np.int8 | 一个字节大小,-128至127 | ‘i’ |
np.int16 | 整数,-32768至32767 | ‘i2’ |
np.int32 | 整数,-2^31至2**32 -1 | ‘i4’ |
np.int64 | 整数,-2^63至2**63 -1 | ‘i8’ |
np.uint8 | 无符号字符,0至255 | ‘u’ |
np.uint16 | 无符号字符,0至65535 | ‘u2’ |
np.uint32 | 无符号字符,0至2**32-1 | ‘u4’ |
np.uint64 | 无符号字符,0至2**64-1 | ‘u8’ |
np.float16 | 半精度浮点数:16位,正负号1位,指数5位,精度10位 | ‘f2’ |
np.float32 | 半精度浮点数:32位,正负号1位,指数8位,精度23位 | ‘f4’ |
np.float64 | 半精度浮点数:64位,正负号1位,指数11位,精度52位 | ‘f8’ |
np.complex64 | 复数,分别用两个32位浮点数表示实部和虚部 | ‘c8’ |
np.complex128 | 复数,分别用两个64位浮点数表示实部和虚部 | ‘c16’ |
np.object_ | python对象 | ‘O’ |
np.string_ | 字符串 | ‘S’ |
np.unicode_ | unicode类型 | ‘U’ |
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]],dtype=np.float32)
b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]],dtype='float32')
六、生成数组的方法
1、生成0和1的数组(加粗为常用)
- empty(shape[,dtype,order])
empty_like(a[,dtype,order,subok])
eye(N[,M,k,dtype]) - identity(n[,dtype])
- ones(shape[,dtype,order])
ones_like(a[,dtype,order,subok]) - zeros(shape[,dtype,order])
zeros_like(a[,dtype,order,subok]) - full(shape,fill_value[,dtype,order])
full_like((a,fill_value[,dtype,order,subok])
a = np.zeros([3,4],dtype='float32')
结果显示:
array([[0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0.]],dtype='float32')
b = np.ones((3,4),dtype=np.int32)
结果显示:
array([[1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1]])
2、从现有数组生成
- array(object[,dtype,copy,order,subok,ndmin])
- asarray(a[,dtype,order])
- asanyarray(a[,dtype,order])
- ascontiguousarray(a[,dtype])
- asmatrix(data[,dtype])
- copy(a[,order])
score
结果显示:
array([[80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[91, 91, 90, 67, 69],
[76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[86, 85, 83, 67, 80]])
a = np.array(score)
array([[80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[91, 91, 90, 67, 69],
[76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[86, 85, 83, 67, 80]])
b = np.asarray(score)
array([[80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[91, 91, 90, 67, 69],
[76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[86, 85, 83, 67, 80]])
c = np.copy(score)
array([[80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[91, 91, 90, 67, 69],
[76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[86, 85, 83, 67, 80]])
score[3,1]=100
score
array([[ 80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[ 78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[ 90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[ 91, 100, 90, 67, 69],
[ 76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[ 70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[ 94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[ 86, 85, 83, 67, 80]])
a
array([[80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[91, 91, 90, 67, 69],
[76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[86, 85, 83, 67, 80]]
b
array([[ 80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[ 78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[ 90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[ 91, 100, 90, 67, 69],
[ 76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[ 70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[ 94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[ 86, 85, 83, 67, 80]])
c
array([[80, 89, 86, 67, 79],
[78, 97, 89, 67, 81],
[90, 94, 78, 67, 74],
[91, 91, 90, 67, 69],
[76, 87, 75, 67, 86],
[70, 79, 84, 67, 84],
[94, 92, 93, 67, 64],
[86, 85, 83, 67, 80]]
3、生成固定范围的数组
- np.linspace(start,stop,num,endpoint,retstep,stype)
- start:起始值
- stop:终止值
- num:生成的等间隔样例数,默认50
- endpoint:是否包含stop值,默认为True
- retstep:如果为True,返回样例以及连续数字之间的步长
- dtype:输出ndarray的数据类型
- np.arange(start,stop,step,dtype)
- np.logspace(start,stop,num,endpoint,base,dtype)
np.linspace(0,100,11)
结果显示:
rray([ 0., 10., 20., 30., 40., 50., 60., 70., 80., 90., 100.])
np.arange(0,100,11)
结果显示:
array([ 0, 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99])
4、生成随机数组
- np.random模块
- 均匀分布
- np.random.uniform(low=0.0,high=1.0,size=None)
- 左闭右开
- low:采样下界,float类型,默认值为0
- high:采样上界,float类型,默认值为1
- size:输出样本数目,为int或元组(tuple)类型
- 返回值:ndarray类型,其形状和参数size中描述一致
data = np.random.uniform(low=-1,high=1,size=1000000)
结果显示:
array([ 0.29973032, -0.99592522, -0.12878166, ..., 0.4671398 ,
0.73620789, -0.61035304])
- 画图看分布情况
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data1 = np.random.uniform(low=-1,high=1,size=1000000)
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.hist(data1,1000)
plt.show()
- 正态分布
- np.random.normal(loc=0.0,scale-1.0,size=None)
- loc:概率分布的均值,float类型,默认为0
- scale:标准差,float类型,默认为1
- size:输出的shape,为int或元组(tuple)类型
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
data2 = np.random.normal(loc=1.75,scale=0.1,size=1000000)
plt.figure(figsize=(20,8),dpi=80)
plt.hist(data2,1000)
plt.show()
七、切片索引与形状修改
# 随机生成8只股票2周10天的交易日涨幅数据
stock_change = np.random.normal(loc=0,scale=1,size=(8,10))
stock
结果显示:
array([[ 0.28866518, 0.49007035, -1.0295688 , 1.01683992, 1.01519649,
-0.29999328, -0.76637183, 0.3234394 , 0.74618983, -0.74521678],
[ 1.10970872, 0.43847635, 0.10793209, -0.33875262, 1.24097958,
1.15689848, -1.35141042, 0.46076134, -0.72427958, 3.00917696],
[ 0.85608048, 2.67827804, 0.23806889, -0.52764946, -1.46812416,
0.81891667, 0.39902141, 0.38002871, -0.01470654, -0.71823495],
[-0.19468438, -0.63961257, 0.00528773, -0.71138971, 0.60533562,
0.8800105 , -1.04492792, 0.4097555 , -1.25950243, -0.28323795],
[ 0.07019306, 0.51475206, 1.40270703, 0.37329934, 0.88638178,
-0.16880721, 0.75616533, 0.07438347, 0.14462213, 0.15672049],
[ 1.04271929, 2.0699429 , 0.64498365, -1.32930153, 0.36577287,
-1.44287423, 1.22969138, 1.35187119, -0.77311966, -0.07487412],
[ 2.8215247 , -0.88633269, -1.06810978, 0.5667001 , -0.29615515,
-0.79718657, -0.40368762, -0.29615865, -0.30359228, -1.01969044],
[-0.04145257, 0.4040836 , 1.11395625, 1.61802583, 0.72781171,
0.70617192, 0.85293105, 2.90987162, -0.41458456, 0.52759134]])
#获取第一支股票的前三个交易日的涨跌幅数据
stock_change[0,:3]
结果显示:
array([ 0.28866518, 0.49007035, -1.0295688 ])
#需求:转置——股票行、日期列反过来,变为日期行、股票列
stock_change.reshape((10,8)) #返回新的ndarray,原始数据没有改
stock_change.resize((10,8)) #没有返回值,对原始的ndarray进行了修改
stock_change.T
结果显示:
array([[ 0.28866518, 0.49007035, -1.0295688 , 1.01683992, 1.01519649,
-0.29999328, -0.76637183, 0.3234394 ],
[ 0.74618983, -0.74521678, 1.10970872, 0.43847635, 0.10793209,
-0.33875262, 1.24097958, 1.15689848],
[-1.35141042, 0.46076134, -0.72427958, 3.00917696, 0.85608048,
2.67827804, 0.23806889, -0.52764946],
[-1.46812416, 0.81891667, 0.39902141, 0.38002871, -0.01470654,
-0.71823495, -0.19468438, -0.63961257],
[ 0.00528773, -0.71138971, 0.60533562, 0.8800105 , -1.04492792,
0.4097555 , -1.25950243, -0.28323795],
[ 0.07019306, 0.51475206, 1.40270703, 0.37329934, 0.88638178,
-0.16880721, 0.75616533, 0.07438347],
[ 0.14462213, 0.15672049, 1.04271929, 2.0699429 , 0.64498365,
-1.32930153, 0.36577287, -1.44287423],
[ 1.22969138, 1.35187119, -0.77311966, -0.07487412, 2.8215247 ,
-0.88633269, -1.06810978, 0.5667001 ],
[-0.29615515, -0.79718657, -0.40368762, -0.29615865, -0.30359228,
-1.01969044, -0.04145257, 0.4040836 ],
[ 1.11395625, 1.61802583, 0.72781171, 0.70617192, 0.85293105,
2.90987162, -0.41458456, 0.52759134]])
八、类型修改与数组去重
# 类型修改
stock_change.astype('int32')
结果显示:
array([[ 0, 0, -1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 3],
[ 0, 2, 0, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1, 0, -1, 0],
[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 1, 2, 0, -1, 0, -1, 1, 1, 0, 0],
[ 2, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1],
[ 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0, 0]])
# ndarray序列化到本地,转换成bytes类型
stock_change.tostring()
# 数组的去重
temp = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[3,4,5,6]])
np.unique(temp)
结果显示:
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
# 降维
a = temp.flatten()
结果显示:
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 6])
set(a)
结果显示:
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
九、ndarray运算
1、逻辑运算
stock_change = np.random.normal(0,1,(8,10))
stock_change1 = stock_change[:5,:5]
#逻辑判断,如果涨幅大于0.5就标记为True,否则为False
stock_change1 > 0.5
结果显示:
array([[ True, False, False, False, False],
[False, False, False, False, False],
[False, False, True, False, False],
[ True, False, True, False, True],
[False, True, True, True, False]])
# 布尔索引
stock_change1[stock_change1 > 0.5] = 1
stock_change1
结果显示:
array([[ 1. , -0.46765002, 0.13243126, -0.84527941, 0.15635903],
[-1.40424928, -2.25548311, 0.02521395, 0.33559729, -0.00654103],
[ 0.38896488, 0.43402995, 1. , -0.15885148, 0.38292029],
[ 1. , -1.06229789, 1. , -1.55423623, 1. ],
[-0.18001979, 1. , 1. , 1. , -1.26822918]])
2、通用判断函数
- np.all(布尔值)
- 只要有一个False就返回False,只有全是True才返回True
- np.any(布尔值)
- 只要有一个True就返回True,只有全是False才返回False
stock_change = np.random.normal(0,1,(8,10))
np.all(stock_change<20)
True
np.any(stock_change<1)
True
3、np.where(三元运算符)
- np.where(布尔值,True的位置的值,False的位置的值)
- 符合逻辑需要结合np.logical_and和np.logical_or使用
# 判断前四个股票前四天的涨幅,大于0的置为1,否则为0
temp = stock_change[:4,:4]
np.where(temp>0,1,0)
结果显示:
array([[0, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 1, 1, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0]])
#大于0.5并且小于1/大于0.5或者小于-0.5,为1,否则为0
np.where(np.logical_and(temp>0.5,temp<1),1,0)
np.where(np.logical_or(temp>0.5,temp<-0.5),1,0)
4、统计运算
- 统计指标函数:min,max,mean,median,var,std
- np.函数名(a[,axis,out,keepdims])
- ndarray.方法名()
#求最大值
stock_change.max()
np.max(stock_change)
# 按列求最大值
stock_change.max(axis=0)
np.max(stock_change,axis=0)
# 按行求最大值
stock_change.max(axis=1)
np.max(stock_change,axis=1)
结果显示:
array([1.40061582, 0.33725661, 1.89656721, 1.41261175, 0.61338125,
0.97553906, 0.75111251, 2.76915945])
#返回每列最小值所在位置
np.argmin(stock_change,axis=0)
#返回每行最大值所在位置
np.argmax(stock_change,axis=1)
结果显示:
array([5, 0, 0, 1, 6, 8, 5, 8], dtype=int32)
十、数组间的运算
# 数组与数的运算
arr = np.array([[1,2,3,2,1,4],[5,6,1,2,3,1]])
arr + 10
结果显示:
array([[11, 12, 13, 12, 11, 14],
[15, 16, 11, 12, 13, 11]])
# 数组与数组的运算(遵循广播机制)
arr1 = np.array([[1,2,3,2,1,4],[5,6,1,2,3,1]])
arr2 = np.array([[1,2,3,2,1,4],[5,6,1,2,3,1]])
arr1 + arr2
结果显示:
array([[ 2, 4, 6, 4, 2, 8],
[10, 12, 2, 4, 6, 2]])
arr3 = np.array([[1,2,3,2,1,4],[5,6,1,2,3,1]])
arr4 = np.array([[1],[3]])
arr3 + arr4
结果显示:
array([[2, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5],
[8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 4]])
#矩阵运算(线性代数)
# ndarray存储矩阵
a = np.array([[80,86],[82,80],[85,78],[90,90],[86,82],[82,90],[78,80],[92,94]])
# matrix存储矩阵
np.mat(a)
# 矩阵乘法计算
a = np.array([[80,86],[82,80],[85,78],[90,90],[86,82],[82,90],[78,80],[92,94]])
b = np.array([[0.3],[0.7]])
a @ b
np.mat(a) * np.mat(b)
np.matmul(a,b)
np.dot(a,b)
结果显示:
matrix([[84.2],
[80.6],
[80.1],
[90. ],
[83.2],
[87.6],
[79.4],
[93.4]])
十一、合并与分割
1、合并
- np.hstack(tup) 水平拼接
- np.vstack(tup) 竖直拼接
- np.concatenate((a1,a2,…),axis=0)
a = np.array((1,2,3))
b = np.array((2,3,4))
np.hstack((a,b))
结果显示:
array([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4])
np.vstack((a,b))
结果显示:
array([[1, 2, 3],
[2, 3, 4]])
a = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
b = np.array([[5,6]])
# 默认axis=0
np.concatenate((a,b),axis=0)
结果显示:
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
np.concatenate((a,b.T),axis=1)
结果显示:
array([[1, 2, 5],
[3, 4, 6]])
2、分割
- np.split(ary,indices_or_sections,axis=0)
x= np.arange(9)
np.split(x,3)
结果显示:
[array([0, 1, 2]), array([3, 4, 5]), array([6, 7, 8])]
x=np.arange(8)
np.split(x,[3,5,6,10])
结果显示:
[array([0, 1, 2]),
array([3, 4]),
array([5]),
array([6, 7]),
array([], dtype=int32)]
十二、IO操作和数据处理
1、Numpy读取
- np.genfromtxt(fname[,dtype,comments,…])
import numpy as np
data = np.genfromtxt('test.csv',delimiter=',')
# delimiter=',' 逗号分隔符分隔
结果显示:
array([[ nan, nan, nan, nan],
[ 1. , 123. , 1.4, 23. ],
[ 2. , 110. , nan, 18. ],
[ 3. , nan, 2.1, 19. ]])
2、缺失值处理
用numpy处理很麻烦,后续介绍pandas