字符设备驱动程序框架

字符设备驱动程序框架

设备号

一个字符设备或者块设备都有一个主设备号和次设备号。主设备和次设备号统称为设备号。主设备号用来表示一个特定的驱动程序，次设备号用来表示使用该驱动程序的各设备。以32位机为例，其中高12位表示主设备号，低20位表示次设备号。

typedef u_long dev_t;
dev_t dev; /* 定义设备号 */

/* 设备号 */ #define MKDEV(ma,mi)	(((ma) << MINORBITS) | (mi))
/* 主设备号 */ #define MAJOR(dev)	((unsigned int) ((dev) >> MINORBITS))
/* 次设备号 */ #define MINOR(dev)	((unsigned int) ((dev) & MINORMASK))

/* 查看设备号 */ cat /proc/devices 

静态分配设备号和动态分配设备号
静态分配设备号是指驱动程序开发者，静态地指定一个设备号。
动态分配设备号是指有系统自动分配一个设备号供我们使用。

/* 静态申请设备号 */ int register_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count, const char *name)
/* 动态申请设备号 */ int alloc_chrdev_region(dev_t *dev, unsigned baseminor, unsigned count, const char *name)
/* 释放设备号 */ void unregister_chrdev_region(dev_t from, unsigned count)

字符设备结构体

字符设备结构体，该结构体是所有字符设备的抽象。

struct cdev {
	struct kobject kobj;
	struct module *owner;
	const struct file_operations *ops;
	struct list_head list;
	dev_t dev;
	unsigned int count;
};

字符设备文件操作集合

字符设备文件操作集合，该结构体是对设备进行操作的抽象结构体。

struct file_operations {
	struct module *owner;
	loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int);
	ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *);
	ssize_t (*read_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
	ssize_t (*write_iter) (struct kiocb *, struct iov_iter *);
	int (*iterate) (struct file *, struct dir_context *);
	unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *);
	long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long);
	int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
	int (*mremap)(struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *);
	int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id);
	int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *);
	int (*fsync) (struct file *, loff_t, loff_t, int datasync);
	int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync);
	int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int);
	int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int);
	unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long);
	int (*check_flags)(int);
	int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *);
	ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int);
	ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int);
	int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **, void **);
	long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset,
			  loff_t len);
	void (*show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file *m, struct file *f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
	unsigned (*mmap_capabilities)(struct file *);
#endif
};

inode结构体

内核中的文件表示使用inode结构体表示。

struct inode {
	umode_t			i_mode;
	unsigned short		i_opflags;
	kuid_t			i_uid;
	kgid_t			i_gid;
	unsigned int		i_flags;

#ifdef CONFIG_FS_POSIX_ACL
	struct posix_acl	*i_acl;
	struct posix_acl	*i_default_acl;
#endif

	const struct inode_operations	*i_op;
	struct super_block	*i_sb;
	struct address_space	*i_mapping;

#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
	void			*i_security;
#endif

	/* Stat data, not accessed from path walking */
	unsigned long		i_ino;
	/*
	 * Filesystems may only read i_nlink directly.  They shall use the
	 * following functions for modification:
	 *
	 *    (set|clear|inc|drop)_nlink
	 *    inode_(inc|dec)_link_count
	 */
	union {
		const unsigned int i_nlink;
		unsigned int __i_nlink;
	};
	dev_t			i_rdev;
	loff_t			i_size;
	struct timespec		i_atime;
	struct timespec		i_mtime;
	struct timespec		i_ctime;
	spinlock_t		i_lock;	/* i_blocks, i_bytes, maybe i_size */
	unsigned short          i_bytes;
	unsigned int		i_blkbits;
	blkcnt_t		i_blocks;

#ifdef __NEED_I_SIZE_ORDERED
	seqcount_t		i_size_seqcount;
#endif

	/* Misc */
	unsigned long		i_state;
	struct mutex		i_mutex;

	unsigned long		dirtied_when;	/* jiffies of first dirtying */
	unsigned long		dirtied_time_when;

	struct hlist_node	i_hash;
	struct list_head	i_wb_list;	/* backing dev IO list */
	struct list_head	i_lru;		/* inode LRU list */
	struct list_head	i_sb_list;
	union {
		struct hlist_head	i_dentry;
		struct rcu_head		i_rcu;
	};
	u64			i_version;
	atomic_t		i_count;
	atomic_t		i_dio_count;
	atomic_t		i_writecount;
#ifdef CONFIG_IMA
	atomic_t		i_readcount; /* struct files open RO */
#endif
	const struct file_operations	*i_fop;	/* former ->i_op->default_file_ops */
	struct file_lock_context	*i_flctx;
	struct address_space	i_data;
	struct list_head	i_devices;
	union {
		struct pipe_inode_info	*i_pipe;
		struct block_device	*i_bdev;
		struct cdev		*i_cdev;
	};

	__u32			i_generation;

#ifdef CONFIG_FSNOTIFY
	__u32			i_fsnotify_mask; /* all events this inode cares about */
	struct hlist_head	i_fsnotify_marks;
#endif

	void			*i_private; /* fs or device private pointer */
};

file结构体

内核中打开的文件（文件实例）使用file结构体表示。

struct file {
	union {
		struct llist_node	fu_llist;
		struct rcu_head 	fu_rcuhead;
	} f_u;
	struct path		f_path;
	struct inode		*f_inode;	/* cached value */
	const struct file_operations	*f_op;

	/*
	 * Protects f_ep_links, f_flags.
	 * Must not be taken from IRQ context.
	 */
	spinlock_t		f_lock;
	atomic_long_t		f_count;
	unsigned int 		f_flags;
	fmode_t			f_mode;
	struct mutex		f_pos_lock;
	loff_t			f_pos;
	struct fown_struct	f_owner;
	const struct cred	*f_cred;
	struct file_ra_state	f_ra;

	u64			f_version;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY
	void			*f_security;
#endif
	/* needed for tty driver, and maybe others */
	void			*private_data;

#ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL
	/* Used by fs/eventpoll.c to link all the hooks to this file */
	struct list_head	f_ep_links;
	struct list_head	f_tfile_llink;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_EPOLL */
	struct address_space	*f_mapping;
} __attribute__((aligned(4)));	/* lest something weird decides that 2 is OK */

struct inode和struct file的区别在于，inode不跟踪文件的当前位置和当前模式，它只是帮助操作系统找到底层文件结构的内容（管道，目录，常规磁盘文件，字符设备/块设备文件等）。而struct file则是一个基本结构（它实际上持有一个指向struct inode的指针），它代表打开的文件，并且提供一组函数，它们与底层文件结构上执行的方法相关，这些方法包括open，write等。所有这一切都强化了UNIX系统的哲学：一切皆是文件。
换句话说，struct inode代表内核中的文件，struct file描述的是实际打开的文件。同一文件打开多次时，可能会有不同的文件描述符，但它们都指向同一个inode。

初始化字符设备

初始化字符设备，添加字符设备和删除字符设备

/* 初始化字符设备 */ void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops)
/* 添加字符设备 */ int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count)
/* 删除字符设备 */ void cdev_del(struct cdev *p)

驱动程序与应用程序的数据交互函数

驱动程序与应用程序的数据交换函数
由于驱动程序与应用程序属于不同的地址空间，所以两者之间不能随意访问。必须使用内核提供的专用函数。

long copy_to_user(void __user *to, const void *from, long n)
long copy_from_user(void *to, const void __user *from, long n)
@x:   Value to copy to user space.
@ptr: Destination address, in user space.
put_user(x, ptr)
get_user(x, ptr)