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作者 | xulu1352 目前在一家互联网公司从事推荐算法工作
编辑 | lily
0
前序
关于DSSM模型原理及实现，网上已经有很多质量不错的参考文章了，比如王多鱼的实践DSSM召回（如果对dssm模型原理不熟，建议先阅读这篇文章，再看本文实践部分，本文主要讲实现），总结的非常不错，王多鱼这篇文章DSSM实践是基于浅梦大佬开源deepmatch包实现的，但是在推荐系统实践中如果直接调用别人的模型包会遇到诸多不便，需要在自己业务场景中做finetune；实际生产中，模型所用到的特征往往都是稀疏的，多值变长的，对有些特征我们还想让它们共享embedding，说到这里，我要非常感谢石塔西的这篇文章用TensorFlow实现支持多值、稀疏、共享权重的DeepFM，从这篇文章中，我得到很多启发;本文下面介绍的主要是自己从各位大佬那学习到的知识总结，并无什么创新点，希望对一些刚入坑的童鞋们有所帮助。好了，那我们开始，Talk is cheap, Show me the code.
虽然本文不讲模型原理，但是有两Tricks，还是值得提下，亲测有效，这两tricks在下文实现均有体现。
1
对user及item embedding向量 L2标准化
，
Emebdding标准化可以加速模型训练和提升检索效果。
2
增强Softmax效果
通过引入超参数来增强softmax每个逻辑值的输出：
微调超参数可以最大化召回率或精确率。
1
数据预处理
为了逼近真实推荐系统场景的数据处理，这里人为构造部分实际生产数据样例作为演示；
样本
字段介绍：
act：为label数据 1:正样本，0：负样本
client_id: 用户id
post_id：物料item id 这里称为post_id
client_type:用户客户端类型
follow_topic_id: 用户关注话题分类id
all_topic_fav_7: 用户画像特征，用户最近7天对话题偏爱度刻画，kv键值对形式
topic_id: 物料所属的话题
read_post_id:用户最近阅读的物料id
预训练item embedding 向量
这里会有为每个item预训练生成一个embedding向量，存到embedding矩阵中，idx=0行，为一个默认值，当一个item因某些原因未生成其embedding向量，则用默认值0替代。
定义参数类型
我们将参数归三种类型单值离散型SparseFeat，如topic_id字段；稠密数值类型DenseFeat，如用户访问时间及用户embedding向量等；多值变长离散特征VarLenSparseFeat，如follow_topic_id或者带权重形式all_topic_fav_7；这里延用deepMatch开源包里定义输入变量方式, 需要注意的是，SparseFeat与VarLenSparseFeat类型的特征，如果想共享embedding权重向量，需要指定其与哪个category离散变量特征embedding参数共享，如这里我们想follow_topic_id与all_topic_fav_7里的id embedding与item的topic_id embedding权重共享一套，设置share_embed='topic_id'即可。
from collections import namedtuple, OrderedDict
import tensorflow as tf
SparseFeat = namedtuple('SparseFeat', ['name', 'voc_size', 'share_embed','embed_dim', 'dtype'])
DenseFeat = namedtuple('DenseFeat', ['name', 'pre_embed','reduce_type','dim', 'dtype'])
VarLenSparseFeat = namedtuple('VarLenSparseFeat', ['name', 'voc_size', 'share_embed', 'weight_name', 'embed_dim','maxlen', 'dtype'])from collections import namedtuple, OrderedDict
import tensorflow as tf
SparseFeat = namedtuple('SparseFeat', ['name', 'voc_size', 'share_embed','embed_dim', 'dtype'])
DenseFeat = namedtuple('DenseFeat', ['name', 'pre_embed','reduce_type','dim', 'dtype'])
VarLenSparseFeat = namedtuple('VarLenSparseFeat', ['name', 'voc_size', 'share_embed', 'weight_name', 'embed_dim','maxlen', 'dtype'])
定义DSSM输入变量参数
除了常见的特征，这里使用用户最近浏览的物料embedding向量的平均作为用户的一个特征即client_embed；我们将follow_topic_id，all_topic_fav7用到的topic_id embedding向量与item的topic_id对应的embedding向量共享，在实际应用中，相近语义的embedding权重共享是很有必要的，大大减少网络训练参数，防止过拟合。
feature_columns = [SparseFeat(name="topic_id", voc_size=700, share_embed=None, embed_dim=16, dtype='string'),
SparseFeat(name='client_type', voc_size=2, share_embed=None, embed_dim=8,dtype='float32'),
VarLenSparseFeat(name="follow_topic_id", voc_size=700, share_embed='topic_id',weight_name = None, embed_dim=16, maxlen=20,dtype='string'),
VarLenSparseFeat(name="all_topic_fav_7", voc_size=700, share_embed='topic_id', weight_name = 'all_topic_fav_7_weight', embed_dim=16, maxlen=5,dtype='string'),
DenseFeat(name='item_embed',pre_embed='post_id', reduce_type=None, dim=768, dtype='float32'),
DenseFeat(name='client_embed',pre_embed='read_post_id', reduce_type='mean', dim=768, dtype='float32'),
]
# 用户特征及贴子特征
user_feature_columns_name = ["follow_topic_id", 'all_topic_fav_7','client_type','client_embed']
item_feature_columns_name = ["topic_id", 'post_type','item_embed',]
user_feature_columns = [col for col in feature_columns if col.name in user_feature_columns_name ]
item_feature_columns = [col for col in feature_columns if col.name in item_feature_columns_name ]
构造训练tf.dataset数据
首先加载预训练 item embedding向量及离散特征vocabulary
def get_item_embed(file_names):
item_bert_embed = []
item_id = []
for file in file_names:
with open(file, 'r') as f:
for line in f:
feature_json = json.loads(line)
item_bert_embed.append(feature_json['post_id'])
item_id.append(feature_json['values'])
item_id2idx = tf.lookup.StaticHashTable(
tf.lookup.KeyValueTensorInitializer(
keys=item_id,
values=range(1, len(item_id)+1),
key_dtype=tf.string,
value_dtype=tf.int32),
default_value=0)
item_bert_embed = [[0.0]*768] + item_bert_embed
item_embedding = tf.constant(item_bert_embed, dtype=tf.float32)
return item_id2idx, item_embedding
# 获取item embedding及其查找关系
ITEM_ID2IDX, ITEM_EMBEDDING = get_item_embed(file_names)
# 定义离散特征集合 ，离散特征vocabulary
DICT_CATEGORICAL = {"topic_id": [str(i) for i in range(0, 700)],
"client_type": [0,1]
}
然后，tf.dataset构造
DEFAULT_VALUES = [[0],[''],[''],[0.0], [''], [''], [''],['']]
COL_NAME = ['act', 'client_id', 'post_id', 'client_type', 'follow_topic_id', 'all_topic_fav_7', 'topic_id','read_post_id']
def _parse_function(example_proto):
item_feats = tf.io.decode_csv(example_proto, record_defaults=DEFAULT_VALUES, field_delim='\t')
parsed = dict(zip(COL_NAME, item_feats))
feature_dict = {}
for feat_col in feature_columns:
if isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
if feat_col.weight_name is not None:
kvpairs = tf.strings.split([parsed[feat_col.name]], ',').values[:feat_col.maxlen]
kvpairs = tf.strings.split(kvpairs, ':')
kvpairs = kvpairs.to_tensor()
feat_ids, feat_vals = tf.split(kvpairs, num_or_size_splits=2, axis=1)
feat_vals= tf.strings.to_number(feat_vals, out_type=tf.float32)
feature_dict[feat_col.name] = feat_ids
feature_dict[feat_col.weight_name] = feat_vals
else:
feat_ids = tf.strings.split([parsed[feat_col.name]], ',').values[:feat_col.maxlen]
feat_ids = tf.reshape(feat_ids, shape=[-1])
feature_dict[feat_col.name] = feat_ids
elif isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat):
feature_dict[feat_col.name] = parsed[feat_col.name]
elif isinstance(feat_col, DenseFeat):
if feat_col.pre_embed is None:
feature_dict[feat_col.name] = parsed[feat_col.name]
elif feat_col.reduce_type is not None:
keys = tf.strings.split(parsed[feat_col.pre_embed], ',')
emb = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(params=ITEM_EMBEDDING, ids=ITEM_ID2IDX.lookup(keys))
emb = tf.reduce_mean(emb,axis=0) if feat_col.reduce_type == 'mean' else tf.reduce_sum(emb,axis=0)
feature_dict[feat_col.name] = emb
else:
emb = tf.nn.embedding_lookup(params=ITEM_EMBEDDING, ids=ITEM_ID2IDX.lookup(parsed[feat_col.pre_embed]))
feature_dict[feat_col.name] = emb
else:
raise "unknown feature_columns...."
label = parsed['act']
return feature_dict, label
pad_shapes = {}
pad_values = {}
for feat_col in feature_columns:
if isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
max_tokens = feat_col.maxlen
pad_shapes[feat_col.name] = tf.TensorShape([max_tokens])
pad_values[feat_col.name] = ''
if feat_col.weight_name is not None:
pad_shapes[feat_col.weight_name] = tf.TensorShape([max_tokens])
pad_values[feat_col.weight_name] = tf.constant(-1, dtype=tf.float32)
# no need to pad labels
elif isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat):
if feat_col.dtype == 'string':
pad_shapes[feat_col.name] = tf.TensorShape([])
pad_values[feat_col.name] = '9999'
else:
pad_shapes[feat_col.name] = tf.TensorShape([])
pad_values[feat_col.name] = 0.0
elif isinstance(feat_col, DenseFeat):
if feat_col.pre_embed is None:
pad_shapes[feat_col.name] = tf.TensorShape([])
pad_values[feat_col.name] = 0.0
else:
pad_shapes[feat_col.name] = tf.TensorShape([feat_col.dim])
pad_values[feat_col.name] = 0.0
pad_shapes = (pad_shapes, (tf.TensorShape([])))
pad_values = (pad_values, (tf.constant(0, dtype=tf.int32)))
filenames= tf.data.Dataset.list_files([
'/recall_user_item_act.csv'
])
dataset = filenames.flat_map(
lambda filepath: tf.data.TextLineDataset(filepath).skip(1))
batch_size = 1024
dataset = dataset.map(_parse_function, num_parallel_calls=60)
dataset = dataset.repeat()
dataset = dataset.shuffle(buffer_size = batch_size*2) # 在缓冲区中随机打乱数据
dataset = dataset.padded_batch(batch_size = batch_size,
padded_shapes = pad_shapes,
padding_values = pad_values) # 每1024条数据为一个batch，生成一个新的Datasets
dataset = dataset.prefetch(buffer_size=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)
# 验证集
filenames_val= tf.data.Dataset.list_files(['/recall_user_item_act_val.csv'])
dataset_val = filenames_val.flat_map(
lambda filepath: tf.data.TextLineDataset(filepath).skip(1))
val_batch_size = 1024
dataset_val = dataset_val.map(_parse_function, num_parallel_calls=60)
dataset_val = dataset_val.padded_batch(batch_size = val_batch_size,
padded_shapes = pad_shapes,
padding_values = pad_values) # 每1024条数据为一个batch，生成一个新的Datasets
dataset_val = dataset_val.prefetch(buffer_size=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)
经过上述逻辑代码预处理后，原始样本csv文件中数据格式已经转化为如下的形式（这里拿batch_size=1 举例），kv形式的特征被拆分为两个Input输入变量一个是category离散ID（如all_topic_fav_7），一个是其对应的weight（如all_topic_fav_7_weight），他们最终被输入到tf.nn.embedding_lookup_sparse(self.embedding,sp_ids=idx, sp_weights=val, combiner='sum') 这个api 对应的sp_ids，sp_weights参数中去。
# next(iter(dataset))
({'topic_id': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1,), dtype=string, numpy=array([b'278'], dtype=object)>,
'client_type': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1,), dtype=float32, numpy=array([0.], dtype=float32)>,
'follow_topic_id': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 20), dtype=string, numpy=
array([[b'572', b'92', b'62', b'37', b'35', b'34', b'33', b'32', b'31',
b'30', b'29', b'68', b'67', b'65', b'24', b'20', b'16', b'15',
b'13', b'12']], dtype=object)>,
'all_topic_fav_7': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 5), dtype=string, numpy=array([[b'502', b'278', b'177', b'1', b'']], dtype=object)>,
'all_topic_fav_7_weight': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 5), dtype=float32, numpy=array([[ 0.3443, 0.0868, 0.0719, 0.497 , -1. ]], dtype=float32)>,
'item_embed': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 768), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[ 0.999586, 0.999861, 0.995566, 0.892292, 0.848516, 0.815888,
-0.860286, -0.871219, 0.982316, -0.999692, 0.999998, 0.999589,
......
-0.943752, 0.999957, -0.990231, 0.999377, -0.997795, 0.999498,
-0.995729, 0.701236, 0.991473, 0.946505, -0.996337, 0.999991,
0.991516, -0.997269, -0.993377, -0.9964 , -0.99972 , 0.880781]],
dtype=float32)>,
'client_embed': <tf.Tensor: shape=(1, 768), dtype=float32, numpy=
array([[ 0.79698 , 0.7999152 , 0.78845704, 0.6598178 , 0.59617054,
0.5318628 , -0.5754676 , -0.7469004 , 0.78916025, -0.7958456 ,
......
0.7989754 , -0.7971929 , -0.0165708 , 0.7924882 , 0.73336124,
-0.794997 , 0.7999618 , 0.7634414 , -0.792517 , -0.762231 ,
-0.7960204 , -0.7998554 , 0.37363502]], dtype=float32)>},
<tf.Tensor: shape=(1,), dtype=int32, numpy=array([1], dtype=int32)>)
2
自定义模型层
# 离散多值查找表 转稀疏SparseTensor >> EncodeMultiEmbedding >>tf.nn.embedding_lookup_sparse的sp_ids参数中
class SparseVocabLayer(Layer):
def __init__(self, keys, **kwargs):
super(SparseVocabLayer, self).__init__(**kwargs)
vals = tf.range(1, len(keys) + 1)
vals = tf.constant(vals, dtype=tf.int32)
keys = tf.constant(keys)
self.table = tf.lookup.StaticHashTable(
tf.lookup.KeyValueTensorInitializer(keys, vals), 0)
def call(self, inputs):
input_idx = tf.where(tf.not_equal(inputs, ''))
input_sparse = tf.SparseTensor(input_idx, tf.gather_nd(inputs, input_idx), tf.shape(inputs, out_type=tf.int64))
return tf.SparseTensor(indices=input_sparse.indices,
values=self.table.lookup(input_sparse.values),
dense_shape=input_sparse.dense_shape)
# 自定义Embedding层，初始化时，需要传入预先定义好的embedding矩阵，好处可以共享embedding矩阵
class EncodeMultiEmbedding(Layer):
def __init__(self, embedding, has_weight=False, **kwargs):
super(EncodeMultiEmbedding, self).__init__(**kwargs)
self.has_weight = has_weight
self.embedding = embedding
def build(self, input_shape):
super(EncodeMultiEmbedding, self).build(input_shape)
def call(self, inputs):
if self.has_weight:
idx, val = inputs
combiner_embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup_sparse(self.embedding,sp_ids=idx, sp_weights=val, combiner='sum')
else:
idx = inputs
combiner_embed = tf.nn.embedding_lookup_sparse(self.embedding,sp_ids=idx, sp_weights=None, combiner='mean')
return tf.expand_dims(combiner_embed, 1)
def get_config(self):
config = super(EncodeMultiEmbedding, self).get_config()
config.update({'has_weight': self.has_weight})
return config
# 稠密权重转稀疏格式输入到tf.nn.embedding_lookup_sparse的sp_weights参数中
class Dense2SparseTensor(Layer):
def __init__(self):
super(Dense2SparseTensor, self).__init__()
def call(self, dense_tensor):
weight_idx = tf.where(tf.not_equal(dense_tensor, tf.constant(-1, dtype=tf.float32)))
weight_sparse = tf.SparseTensor(weight_idx, tf.gather_nd(dense_tensor, weight_idx), tf.shape(dense_tensor, out_type=tf.int64))
return weight_sparse
def get_config(self):
config = super(Dense2SparseTensor, self).get_config()
return config
# 自定义dnese层含BN， dropout
class CustomDense(Layer):
def __init__(self, units=32, activation='tanh', dropout_rate =0, use_bn=False, seed=1024, tag_name="dnn", **kwargs):
self.units = units
self.activation = activation
self.dropout_rate = dropout_rate
self.use_bn = use_bn
self.seed = seed
self.tag_name = tag_name
super(CustomDense, self).__init__(**kwargs)
#build方法一般定义Layer需要被训练的参数。
def build(self, input_shape):
self.weight = self.add_weight(shape=(input_shape[-1], self.units),
initializer='random_normal',
trainable=True,
name='kernel_' + self.tag_name)
self.bias = self.add_weight(shape=(self.units,),
initializer='random_normal',
trainable=True,
name='bias_' + self.tag_name)
if self.use_bn:
self.bn_layers = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()
self.dropout_layers = tf.keras.layers.Dropout(self.dropout_rate)
self.activation_layers = tf.keras.layers.Activation(self.activation, name= self.activation + '_' + self.tag_name)
super(CustomDense,self).build(input_shape) # 相当于设置self.built = True
#call方法一般定义正向传播运算逻辑，__call__方法调用了它。
def call(self, inputs, training = None, **kwargs):
fc = tf.matmul(inputs, self.weight) + self.bias
if self.use_bn:
fc = self.bn_layers(fc)
out_fc = self.activation_layers(fc)
return out_fc
#如果要让自定义的Layer通过Functional API 组合成模型时可以序列化，需要自定义get_config方法，保存模型不写这部分会报错
def get_config(self):
config = super(CustomDense, self).get_config()
config.update({'units': self.units, 'activation': self.activation, 'use_bn': self.use_bn,
'dropout_rate': self.dropout_rate, 'seed': self.seed, 'name': self.tag_name})
return config
# cos 相似度计算层
class Similarity(Layer):
def __init__(self, gamma=1, axis=-1, type_sim='cos', **kwargs):
self.gamma = gamma
self.axis = axis
self.type_sim = type_sim
super(Similarity, self).__init__(**kwargs)
def build(self, input_shape):
# Be sure to call this somewhere!
super(Similarity, self).build(input_shape)
def call(self, inputs, **kwargs):
query, candidate = inputs
if self.type_sim == "cos":
query_norm = tf.norm(query, axis=self.axis)
candidate_norm = tf.norm(candidate, axis=self.axis)
cosine_score = tf.reduce_sum(tf.multiply(query, candidate), -1)
cosine_score = tf.divide(cosine_score, query_norm * candidate_norm + 1e-8)
cosine_score = tf.clip_by_value(cosine_score, -1, 1.0) * self.gamma
return tf.expand_dims(cosine_score, 1)
def compute_output_shape(self, input_shape):
return (None, 1)
def get_config(self, ):
config = {'gamma': self.gamma, 'axis': self.axis, 'type': self.type_sim}
base_config = super(Similarity, self).get_config()
return base_config.uptate(config)
# 自定损失函数，加权交叉熵损失
class WeightedBinaryCrossEntropy(tf.keras.losses.Loss):
"""
Args:
pos_weight: Scalar to affect the positive labels of the loss function.
weight: Scalar to affect the entirety of the loss function.
from_logits: Whether to compute loss from logits or the probability.
reduction: Type of tf.keras.losses.Reduction to apply to loss.
name: Name of the loss function.
"""
def __init__(self, pos_weight=1.2, from_logits=False,
reduction=tf.keras.losses.Reduction.AUTO,
name='weighted_binary_crossentropy'):
super().__init__(reduction=reduction, name=name)
self.pos_weight = pos_weight
self.from_logits = from_logits
def call(self, y_true, y_pred):
y_true = tf.cast(y_true, tf.float32)
ce = tf.losses.binary_crossentropy(
y_true, y_pred, from_logits=self.from_logits)[:, None]
ce = ce * (1 - y_true) + self.pos_weight * ce * (y_true)
# ce =tf.nn.weighted_cross_entropy_with_logits(
# y_true, y_pred, self.pos_weight, name=None
# )
return ce
def get_config(self, ):
config = {'pos_weight': self.pos_weight, 'from_logits': self.from_logits, 'name': self.name}
base_config = super(WeightedBinaryCrossEntropy, self).get_config()
return base_config.uptate(config)
3
定义输入及共享层帮助函数
# 定义model输入特征
def build_input_features(features_columns, prefix=''):
input_features = OrderedDict()
for feat_col in features_columns:
if isinstance(feat_col, DenseFeat):
if feat_col.pre_embed is None:
input_features[feat_col.name] = Input([1], name=feat_col.name)
else:
input_features[feat_col.name] = Input([feat_col.dim], name=feat_col.name)
elif isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat):
if feat_col.dtype == 'string':
input_features[feat_col.name] = Input([None], name=feat_col.name, dtype=feat_col.dtype)
else:
input_features[feat_col.name] = Input([1], name=feat_col.name, dtype=feat_col.dtype)
elif isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
input_features[feat_col.name] = Input([None], name=feat_col.name, dtype='string')
if feat_col.weight_name is not None:
input_features[feat_col.weight_name] = Input([None], name=feat_col.weight_name, dtype='float32')
else:
raise TypeError("Invalid feature column in build_input_features: {}".format(feat_col.name))
return input_features
# 构造自定义embedding层matrix
def build_embedding_matrix(features_columns):
embedding_matrix = {}
for feat_col in features_columns:
if isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat) or isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
if feat_col.dtype == 'string':
vocab_name = feat_col.share_embed if feat_col.share_embed else feat_col.name
vocab_size = feat_col.voc_size
embed_dim = feat_col.embed_dim
if vocab_name not in embedding_matrix:
embedding_matrix[vocab_name] = tf.Variable(initial_value=tf.random.truncated_normal(shape=(vocab_size, embed_dim),mean=0.0,
stddev=0.0, dtype=tf.float32), trainable=True, name=vocab_name+'_embed')
return embedding_matrix
# 构造自定义 embedding层
def build_embedding_dict(features_columns, embedding_matrix):
embedding_dict = {}
for feat_col in features_columns:
if isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat):
if feat_col.dtype == 'string':
vocab_name = feat_col.share_embed if feat_col.share_embed else feat_col.name
embedding_dict[feat_col.name] = EncodeMultiEmbedding(embedding=embedding_matrix[vocab_name],name='EncodeMultiEmb_' + feat_col.name)
elif isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
vocab_name = feat_col.share_embed if feat_col.share_embed else feat_col.name
if feat_col.weight_name is not None:
embedding_dict[feat_col.name] = EncodeMultiEmbedding(embedding=embedding_matrix[vocab_name],has_weight=True,name='EncodeMultiEmb_' + feat_col.name)
else:
embedding_dict[feat_col.name] = EncodeMultiEmbedding(embedding=embedding_matrix[vocab_name],name='EncodeMultiEmb_' + feat_col.name)
return embedding_dict
# dense 与 embedding特征输入
def input_from_feature_columns(features, features_columns, embedding_dict):
sparse_embedding_list = []
dense_value_list = []
for feat_col in features_columns:
if isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat) or isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
if feat_col.dtype == 'string':
vocab_name = feat_col.share_embed if feat_col.share_embed else feat_col.name
keys = DICT_CATEGORICAL[vocab_name]
_input_sparse = SparseVocabLayer(keys)(features[feat_col.name])
if isinstance(feat_col, SparseFeat):
if feat_col.dtype == 'string':
_embed = embedding_dict[feat_col.name](_input_sparse)
else:
_embed = Embedding(feat_col.voc_size+1, feat_col.embed_dim,
embeddings_regularizer=tf.keras.regularizers.l2(0.5),name='Embed_' + feat_col.name)(features[feat_col.name])
sparse_embedding_list.append(_embed)
elif isinstance(feat_col, VarLenSparseFeat):
if feat_col.weight_name is not None:
_weight_sparse = Dense2SparseTensor()(features[feat_col.weight_name])
_embed = embedding_dict[feat_col.name]([_input_sparse, _weight_sparse])
else:
_embed = embedding_dict[feat_col.name](_input_sparse)
sparse_embedding_list.append(_embed)
elif isinstance(feat_col, DenseFeat):
dense_value_list.append(features[feat_col.name])
else:
raise TypeError("Invalid feature column in input_from_feature_columns: {}".format(feat_col.name))
return sparse_embedding_list, dense_value_list
def concat_func(inputs, axis=-1):
if len(inputs) == 1:
return inputs[0]
else:
return Concatenate(axis=axis)(inputs)
def combined_dnn_input(sparse_embedding_list, dense_value_list):
if len(sparse_embedding_list) > 0 and len(dense_value_list) > 0:
sparse_dnn_input = Flatten()(concat_func(sparse_embedding_list))
dense_dnn_input = Flatten()(concat_func(dense_value_list))
return concat_func([sparse_dnn_input, dense_dnn_input])
elif len(sparse_embedding_list) > 0:
return Flatten()(concat_func(sparse_embedding_list))
elif len(dense_value_list) > 0:
return Flatten()(concat_func(dense_value_list))
else:
raise "dnn_feature_columns can not be empty list"
4
搭建DSSM模型
def DSSM(
user_feature_columns,
item_feature_columns,
user_dnn_hidden_units=(256, 256, 128),
item_dnn_hidden_units=(256, 256, 128),
user_dnn_dropout=(0, 0, 0),
item_dnn_dropout=(0, 0, 0),
out_dnn_activation='tanh',
gamma=1.2,
dnn_use_bn=False,
seed=1024,
metric='cos'):
"""
Instantiates the Deep Structured Semantic Model architecture.
Args:
user_feature_columns: A list containing user's features used by the model.
item_feature_columns: A list containing item's features used by the model.
user_dnn_hidden_units: tuple,tuple of positive integer , the layer number and units in each layer of user tower
item_dnn_hidden_units: tuple,tuple of positive integer, the layer number and units in each layer of item tower
out_dnn_activation: Activation function to use in deep net
dnn_use_bn: bool. Whether use BatchNormalization before activation or not in deep net
user_dnn_dropout: tuple of float in [0,1), the probability we will drop out a given user tower DNN coordinate.
item_dnn_dropout: tuple of float in [0,1), the probability we will drop out a given item tower DNN coordinate.
seed: integer ,to use as random seed.
gamma: A useful hyperparameter for Similarity layer
metric: str, "cos" for cosine
return: A TF Keras model instance.
"""
features_columns = user_feature_columns + item_feature_columns
# 构建 embedding_dict
embedding_matrix = build_embedding_matrix(features_columns)
embedding_dict = build_embedding_dict(features_columns, embedding_matrix)
# user 特征 处理
user_features = build_input_features(user_feature_columns)
user_inputs_list = list(user_features.values())
user_sparse_embedding_list, user_dense_value_list = input_from_feature_columns(user_features,
user_feature_columns, embedding_dict)
user_dnn_input = combined_dnn_input(user_sparse_embedding_list, user_dense_value_list)
# item 特征 处理
item_features = build_input_features(item_feature_columns)
item_inputs_list = list(item_features.values())
item_sparse_embedding_list, item_dense_value_list = input_from_feature_columns(item_features,
item_feature_columns, embedding_dict)
item_dnn_input = combined_dnn_input(item_sparse_embedding_list, item_dense_value_list)
# user tower
for i in range(len(user_dnn_hidden_units)):
if i == len(user_dnn_hidden_units) - 1:
user_dnn_out = CustomDense(units=user_dnn_hidden_units[i],dropout_rate=user_dnn_dropout[i],
use_bn=dnn_use_bn,activation=out_dnn_activation, name='user_embed_out')(user_dnn_input)
break
user_dnn_input = CustomDense(units=user_dnn_hidden_units[i],dropout_rate=user_dnn_dropout[i],
use_bn=dnn_use_bn,activation='relu', name='dnn_user_'+str(i))(user_dnn_input)
# item tower
for i in range(len(item_dnn_hidden_units)):
if i == len(item_dnn_hidden_units) - 1:
item_dnn_out = CustomDense(units=item_dnn_hidden_units[i],dropout_rate=item_dnn_dropout[i],
use_bn=dnn_use_bn, activation=out_dnn_activation, name='item_embed_out')(item_dnn_input)
break
item_dnn_input = CustomDense(units=item_dnn_hidden_units[i],dropout_rate=item_dnn_dropout[i],
use_bn=dnn_use_bn,activation='relu', name='dnn_item_'+str(i))(item_dnn_input)
score = Similarity(type_sim=metric,gamma=gamma)([user_dnn_out, item_dnn_out])
output = tf.keras.layers.Activation("sigmoid", name="dssm_out")(score)
# score = Multiply()([user_dnn_out, item_dnn_out])
# output = Dense(1, activation="sigmoid",name="dssm_out")(score)
model = Model(inputs=user_inputs_list + item_inputs_list, outputs=output)
model.__setattr__("user_input", user_inputs_list)
model.__setattr__("item_input", item_inputs_list)
model.__setattr__("user_embedding", user_dnn_out)
model.__setattr__("item_embedding", item_dnn_out)
return model
5
训练及保存模型
训练模型
model= DSSM(
user_feature_columns,
item_feature_columns,
user_dnn_hidden_units=(256, 256, 128),
item_dnn_hidden_units=(256, 256, 128),
user_dnn_dropout=(0, 0, 0),
item_dnn_dropout=(0, 0, 0),
out_dnn_activation='tanh',
gamma=1,
dnn_use_bn=False,
seed=1024,
metric='cos')
model.compile(optimizer='adagrad',
loss={"dssm_out": WeightedBinaryCrossEntropy(),
},
loss_weights=[1.0,],
metrics={"dssm_out": [tf.keras.metrics.AUC(name='auc')]}
)
log_dir = '/mywork/tensorboardshare/logs/' + datetime.datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d-%H%M%S")
tbCallBack = TensorBoard(log_dir=log_dir, # log 目录
histogram_freq=0, # 按照何等频率（epoch）来计算直方图，0为不计算
write_graph=True, # 是否存储网络结构图
write_images=True,# 是否可视化参数
update_freq='epoch',
embeddings_freq=0,
embeddings_layer_names=None,
embeddings_metadata=None,
profile_batch = 40)
#
#
total_train_sample = 115930
total_test_sample = 1181
train_steps_per_epoch=np.floor(total_train_sample/batch_size).astype(np.int32)
test_steps_per_epoch = np.ceil(total_test_sample/val_batch_size).astype(np.int32)
history_loss = model.fit(dataset, epochs=1,
steps_per_epoch=train_steps_per_epoch,
validation_data=dataset_val, validation_steps=test_steps_per_epoch,
verbose=1,callbacks=[tbCallBack])
模型结构summary
保存模型
# 用户塔 item塔定义
user_embedding_model = Model(inputs=model.user_input, outputs=model.user_embedding)
item_embedding_model = Model(inputs=model.item_input, outputs=model.item_embedding)
# 保存
tf.keras.models.save_model(user_embedding_model,"/Recall/DSSM/models/dssmUser/001/")
tf.keras.models.save_model(item_embedding_model,"/Recall/DSSM/models/dssmItem/001/")
获取user embedding 及item embedding
user_query = {'all_topic_fav_7': np.array([['294', '88', '60', '1']]),
'all_topic_fav_7_weight':np.array([[ 0.0897, 0.2464, 0.0928, 0.5711,]]),
'follow_topic_id': np.array([['75', '73', '74', '92', '62', '37', '35', '34', '33',]),
'client_type': np.array([0.]),
'client_embed': np.array([[-9.936600e-02, 2.752400e-01, -4.314620e-01, 3.393100e-02,
-5.263000e-02, -4.490300e-01, -3.641180e-01, -3.545410e-01,
-2.315470e-01, 4.641480e-01, 3.965120e-01, -1.670170e-01,
-5.480000e-03, -1.646790e-01, 2.522832e+00, -2.946590e-01,
......
-1.151946e+00, -4.008270e-01, 1.521650e-01, -3.524520e-01,
4.836160e-01, -1.190920e-01, 5.792700e-02, -6.148070e-01,
-7.182930e-01, -1.351920e-01, 2.048980e-01, -1.259220e-01]])}
item_query = {
'topic_id': np.array(['1']),
'item_embed': np.array([[-9.936600e-02, 2.752400e-01, -4.314620e-01, 3.393100e-02,
-5.263000e-02, -4.490300e-01, -3.641180e-01, -3.545410e-01,
-2.315470e-01, 4.641480e-01, 3.965120e-01, -1.670170e-01,
......
-1.151946e+00, -4.008270e-01, 1.521650e-01, -3.524520e-01,
4.836160e-01, -1.190920e-01, 5.792700e-02, -6.148070e-01,
-7.182930e-01, -1.351920e-01, 2.048980e-01, -1.259220e-01]]),
}
user_embs = user_embedding_model.predict(user_query)
item_embs = item_embedding_model.predict(item_query)
# 结果：
# user_embs：
# array([[ 0.80766946, 0.13907856, -0.37779272, 0.53268254, -0.3095821 ,
# 0.2213103 , -0.24618168, -0.7127088 , 0.4502724 , 0.4282374 ,
# -0.36033005, 0.43310016, -0.29158285, 0.8743557 , 0.5113318 ,
# 0.26994514, -0.35604447, 0.33559784, -0.28052363, 0.38596702,
# 0.5038488 , -0.32811972, -0.5471834 , -0.07594685, 0.7006799 ,
# -0.24201767, 0.31005877, -0.06173763, -0.28473467, 0.61975694,
......
# -0.714099 , -0.5384026 , 0.38787717, -0.4263588 , 0.30690318,
# 0.24047776, -0.01420124, 0.15475503, 0.77783686, -0.43002903,
# 0.52561694, 0.37806144, 0.18955356, -0.37184635, 0.5181224 ,
# -0.18585253, 0.05573007, -0.38589332, -0.7673693 , -0.25266737,
# 0.51427466, 0.47647673, 0.47982445]], dtype=float32)
# item_embs：
# array([[-6.9417924e-01, -3.9942840e-01, 7.2445291e-01, -5.8977932e-01,
# -5.8792406e-01, 5.3883100e-01, -7.8469634e-01, 6.8996024e-01,
# -7.6087400e-02, -4.4855604e-01, 8.4910756e-01, -4.7288817e-01,
# -9.0812451e-01, -4.0452164e-01, 8.8695991e-01, -7.9177713e-01,
......
# -9.7515762e-01, -5.2411711e-01, 9.2708725e-01, -1.3903661e-01,
# 7.8691095e-01, -8.0726832e-01, -7.3851186e-01, 2.7774110e-01,
# -4.1870885e-02, 4.7335419e-01, 3.4424815e-01, -5.8394599e-01]],
# dtype=float32)
6
线上Serving
我们这里向量召回检索框架用的是Milvus，用户的UE是线上实时获取的，item的embedding是异步获取存到Milvus平台上。
参考文献
王多鱼：实践DSSM召回模型
石塔西：用TensorFlow实现支持多值、稀疏、共享权重的DeepFM https://github.com/shenweichen/
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