特殊级数的和

1.设f(x)是周期为2π的周期函数，它在$[-\pi ,\pi )$上的表达式为$f(x)=|x|$，则将f(x)展开成傅里叶级数得

$f(x)=\frac{\pi }{2}-\frac{4}{\pi }{\sum }_{k=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{(2k-1{)}^2}cos(2k-1)x$
$(-\infty <x<+\infty )$

令x=0得${\sum }_{k=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{(2k-1{)}^2}=\frac{{\pi }^2}{8}$

$即S_2=1+\frac{1}{3^2}+\frac{1}{5^2}+...=\frac{{\pi }^2}{8}$

$设S_1=1+\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}+...,$

$S_3=\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{4^2}+\frac{1}{6^2}...,$

$S_4=1-\frac{1}{2^2}+\frac{1}{3^2}-\frac{1}{4^2}+....$

因为$$S_3=\frac{S_1}{4}=\frac{(S_2+S_3)}{4},$$
所以$$S_3=\frac{S_2}{3}=\frac{{\pi }^2}{24},$$
$$S_1=S_2+S_3=\frac{{\pi }^2}{6},$$
$$S_4=S_1-2S_3=\frac{{\pi }^2}{12}.$$

又由$2{\sum }_{k=1}^{\infty }\frac{1}{[\frac{(2k-1)\pi }{2}{]}^2}=\frac{8}{{\pi }^2}{S}_2=1$

而

$\pm \frac{(2k-1)\pi }{2}恰为cosx=0的零点，即$
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$cosx=0的所有零点的倒数的平方和为1.$

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2.设f(x)在$[-\pi ,\pi )$上的表达式为$$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{rl}& 1,x\in [-\pi ,0)\\ & 0,x\in [0,\pi )\end{array}$$
则将f(x)展开成傅里叶级数得

$f(x)=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{2}{\pi }(sinx+\frac{sin3x}{3}+\frac{sin5x}{5}+...)$

$x\in [-\pi ,\pi )$

令$x=\frac{\pi }{2}$

得

$$1-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}+...=\frac{\pi }{4}$$

3.

$1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{5}-...=ln2$
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$证明：设S_1=1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{4}+...\frac{1}{2n}$
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$S_2=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{6}+...+\frac{1}{2n}$
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则$1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{5}-...+\frac{1}{2n-1}-\frac{1}{2n}=S_1-2S_2$
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$=\frac{1}{n+1}+\frac{1}{n+2}+...\frac{1}{2n}=\frac{1}{n}(\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{n}}+\frac{1}{1+\frac{2}{n}}+...+\frac{1}{1+\frac{n}{n}})={\int }_0^1\frac{1}{1+x}$

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$=ln(1+x){|}_0^1=ln2(n\to +\infty )$
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$1-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{5}-...-\frac{1}{2n}+\frac{1}{2n+1}=ln2+0=ln2(n\to +\infty )$