三次根式问题 \Huge\textsf{三次根式问题} 三次根式问题
前置知识!
1. a b n = a n ∗ b n 1.\sqrt[n]{ab}=\sqrt[n]{a}*\sqrt[n]{b} 1.nab=na∗nb
2. a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − a b + b 3 ) , 2.a^3+b^3 = (a+b)(a^2-ab+b^3), 2.a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b3),
a 3 − b 3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) \;\;\;a^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)
3. ( a + b ) 3 = a 3 + 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 + b 3 , 3.(a+b)^3 = a^3+3a^2b+3ab^2+b^3, 3.(a+b)3=a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3,
( a − b ) 3 = a 3 − 3 a 2 b + 3 a b 2 − b 3 \;\;\;(a-b)^3 = a^3-3a^2b+3ab^2-b^3 (a−b)3=a3−3a2b+3ab2−b3
注:本文的所有数字和未知数 在实数范围 内。
方法:设三次根号的部分为未知数,然后列方程。
例<1> \texttt{例<1>} 例<1>
解方程: x + 45 3 − x − 16 3 − 1 = 0. \sqrt[3]{x+45} - \sqrt[3]{x-16}-1=0. 3x+45−3x−16−1=0.
解:设 x + 45 3 = a , x − 16 3 = b \sqrt[3]{x+45} = a,\sqrt[3]{x-16} = b 3x+45=a,3x−16=b
则 { a − b = 1 ( 1 ) a 3 − b 3 = 61 ( 2 ) \begin{cases}a-b=1(1)\\a^3-b^3=61(2)\end{cases} { a−b=1(1)a3−b3=61(2)
由 ( 2 ) (2) (2)得 ( a − b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) = 61 (a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)=61 (a−b)(a2+ab+b2)=61,
代入 ( 1 ) (1) (1)得 a 2 + a b + b 2 = 61 , a^2+ab+b^2 =61, a2+ab+b2=61,
( a − b ) 2 + 3 a b = 61 , (a-b)^2+3ab=61, (a−b)2+3ab=61,
再次代入得 3 a b = 60 , a b = 20. 3ab = 60,ab=20. 3ab=60,ab=20.
与 ( 1 ) (1) (1)联立解得 a 1 = 5 , a 2 = − 4 , a_1=5,a_2=-4, a1=5,a2=−4,
∴ x 1 = 80 , x 2 = − 109. \therefore x_1=80,x_2=-109. ∴x1=80,x2=−109.
例<2> \texttt{例<2>} 例<2>
化简: 2 − 5 3 . \sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{5}}. 32−5.
解:设 2 − 5 3 = a , 2 + 5 3 = b , a + b = k \sqrt[3]{2-\sqrt{5}} = a,\sqrt[3]{2+\sqrt{5}} = b,a+b=k 32−5=a,32+5=b,a+b=k
则 { a 3 + b 3 = 4 ( 1 ) , a b = − 1 ( 2 ) \begin{cases}a^3+b^3=4(1),\\ab=-1(2)\end{cases} { a3+b3=4(1),ab=−1(2)
由 ( 1 ) (1) (1)得 ( a + b ) ( a 2 − a b + b 2 ) = 4 , (a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2)=4, (a+b)(a2−ab+b2)=4,
代入 ( 2 ) (2) (2)得 ( a + b ) ( a 2 + b 2 + 1 ) = 4 , (a+b)(a^2+b^2+1) =4, (a+b)(a2+b2+1)=4,
( a + b ) [ ( a + b ) 2 − 2 a b + 1 ] = 4 , (a+b)[(a+b)^2-2ab+1]=4, (a+b)[(a+b)2−2ab+1]=4,
k [ k 2 + 3 ] = 4 , k[k^2+3]=4, k[k2+3]=4,
k 3 + 3 k − 4 = 0 , k^3+3k-4=0, k3+3k−4=