深度学习基础
本文为李沐老师《动手学深度学习》一书的学习笔记，原书地址为：Dive into Deep Learning。
文章目录
当模型和损失函数形式较为简单时，上面的误差最小化问题的解可以直接用公式表达出来。这类解叫作解析解（analytical solution）。本节使用的线性回归和平方误差刚好属于这个范畴。然而，大多数深度学习模型并没有解析解，只能通过优化算法有限次迭代模型参数来尽可能降低损失函数的值。这类解叫作数值解（numerical solution）。
1 线性回归
1.1 线性回归从零开始实现
生成数据集
%matplotlib inline
import torch
from IPython import display
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import random
num_inputs = 2
num_examples = 1000
true_w = [2, -3.4]
true_b = 4.2
features = torch.randn(num_examples, num_inputs,
dtype=torch.float32)
labels = true_w[0] * features[:, 0] + true_w[1] * features[:, 1] + true_b
labels += torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, size=labels.size()),
dtype=torch.float32)
# 注意，features的每一行是一个长度为2的向量，而labels的每一行是一个长度为1的向量（标量）。
print(features[0], labels[0])# tensor([ 0.7575, -0.3951]) tensor(7.0511)
def use_svg_display():
# 用矢量图显示
display.set_matplotlib_formats('svg')
def set_figsize(figsize=(3.5, 2.5)):
use_svg_display()
# 设置图的尺寸
plt.rcParams['figure.figsize'] = figsize
set_figsize()
plt.scatter(features[:, 1].numpy(), labels.numpy(), 1);
读取数据
# 本函数已保存在d2lzh包中方便以后使用
def data_iter(batch_size, features, labels):
num_examples = len(features)
indices = list(range(num_examples))
random.shuffle(indices) # 样本的读取顺序是随机的
for i in range(0, num_examples, batch_size):
j = torch.LongTensor(indices[i: min(i + batch_size, num_examples)]) # 最后一次可能不足一个batch
# index_select()第1个参数是要查找的维度,因为通常情况下我们使用的都是二维张量,所以可以简单的记忆: 0代表行,1代表列
# index_select()第2个参数是你要索引的序列,它是一个tensor对象
yield features.index_select(0, j), labels.index_select(0, j)
batch_size = 10
for X, y in data_iter(batch_size, features, labels):
print(X, y)
break
tensor([[-0.8556, -2.1711],
[-0.6850, 0.2088],
[-1.1801, 0.5113],
[ 0.5896, -0.8895],
[-0.8439, 1.4162],
[-0.9828, -1.4133],
[ 0.5438, -0.0274],
[ 0.7474, -0.0838],
[ 1.5627, -1.7261],
[ 0.5781, -0.5606]]) tensor([ 9.8860, 2.1143, 0.0969, 8.4261, -2.2944, 7.0516, 5.3821, 5.9722,
13.1892, 7.2460])
初始化模型参数
# 我们将权重初始化成均值为0、标准差为0.01的正态随机数，偏差则初始化成0
# np.random.normal()的参数分别为均值、标准差、输出形状
w = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_inputs, 1)), dtype=torch.float32)
b = torch.zeros(1, dtype=torch.float32)
w.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
b.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
定义模型
def linreg(X, w, b): # 定义模型
return torch.mm(X, w) + b
定义损失函数
def squared_loss(y_hat, y): # 定义损失函数
# 注意这里返回的是向量, 另外, pytorch里的MSELoss并没有除以 2
return (y_hat - y.view(y_hat.size())) ** 2 / 2
定义优化算法
def sgd(params, lr, batch_size): # 定义优化算法
for param in params:
param.data -= lr * param.grad / batch_size # 注意这里更改param时用的param.data
训练模型
lr = 0.03
num_epochs = 3
net = linreg
loss = squared_loss
for epoch in range(num_epochs): # 训练模型一共需要num_epochs个迭代周期
# 在每一个迭代周期中，会使用训练数据集中所有样本一次（假设样本数能够被批量大小整除）。X
# 和y分别是小批量样本的特征和标签
for X, y in data_iter(batch_size, features, labels):
l = loss(net(X, w, b), y).sum() # l是有关小批量X和y的损失
l.backward() # 小批量的损失对模型参数求梯度
sgd([w, b], lr, batch_size) # 使用小批量随机梯度下降迭代模型参数
# 不要忘了梯度清零
w.grad.data.zero_()
b.grad.data.zero_()
train_l = loss(net(features, w, b), labels)
print('epoch %d, loss %f' % (epoch + 1, train_l.mean().item()))
print(true_w, '\n', w)
print(true_b, '\n', b)
epoch 1, loss 0.000055
epoch 2, loss 0.000055
epoch 3, loss 0.000055
[2, -3.4]
tensor([[ 2.0004],
[-3.3997]], requires_grad=True)
4.2
tensor([4.2002], requires_grad=True)
1.2 线性回归的简洁实现
生成数据集
import torch
import numpy as np
num_inputs = 2
num_examples = 1000
true_w = [2, -3.4]
true_b = 4.2
features = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 1, (num_examples, num_inputs)), dtype=torch.float)
labels = true_w[0] * features[:, 0] + true_w[1] * features[:, 1] + true_b
labels += torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, size=labels.size()), dtype=torch.float)
读取数据
import torch.utils.data as Data
batch_size = 10
# 将训练数据的特征和标签组合
dataset = Data.TensorDataset(features, labels)
# 随机读取小批量
data_iter = Data.DataLoader(dataset, batch_size, shuffle=True)
for X, y in data_iter:
print(X, y)
break
tensor([[-1.1333, 1.1416],
[ 0.7153, -0.6338],
[ 0.6727, 0.9187],
[-1.2335, 0.0385],
[-0.4724, -1.2428],
[-0.8065, -0.1312],
[-0.2810, 0.2928],
[ 1.3142, 1.6902],
[ 0.0569, 0.6979],
[ 2.2793, -0.8127]]) tensor([-1.9485, 7.7879, 2.4382, 1.5958, 7.4905, 3.0275, 2.6336, 1.0977,
1.9372, 11.5272])
定义模型
class LinearNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, n_feature):
super(LinearNet, self).__init__()
self.linear = nn.Linear(n_feature, 1)
# forward 定义前向传播
def forward(self, x):
y = self.linear(x)
return y
net = LinearNet(num_inputs)
print(net,"\n") # 使用print可以打印出网络的结构
for param in net.parameters():
print(param)
LinearNet(
(linear): Linear(in_features=2, out_features=1, bias=True)
)
Parameter containing:
tensor([[-0.2423, -0.3167]], requires_grad=True)
Parameter containing:
tensor([0.0139], requires_grad=True)
模型的其他定义方法：
用nn.Sequential来更加方便地搭建网络，Sequential是一个有序的容器，网络层将按照在传入Sequential的顺序依次被添加到计算图中。
# 写法一
net = nn.Sequential(
nn.Linear(num_inputs, 1)
# 此处还可以传入其他层
)
# 写法二
net = nn.Sequential()
net.add_module('linear', nn.Linear(num_inputs, 1))
# net.add_module ......
# 写法三
from collections import OrderedDict
net = nn.Sequential(OrderedDict([
('linear', nn.Linear(num_inputs, 1))
# ......
]))
print(net)
print(net[0])
初始化模型参数
from torch.nn import init
init.normal_(net.linear.weight, mean=0, std=0.01)
init.constant_(net.linear.bias, val=0) # 也可以直接修改bias的data: net[0].bias.data.fill_(0)
Parameter containing:
tensor([0.], requires_grad=True)
定义损失函数
loss = nn.MSELoss()
定义优化算法
import torch.optim as optim # torch.optim模块提供了很多常用的优化算法比如SGD、Adam和RMSProp等。
# 创建一个用于优化net所有参数的优化器实例，并指定学习率为0.03的小批量随机梯度下降（SGD）为优化算法。
optimizer = optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.03)
print(optimizer)
SGD (
Parameter Group 0
dampening: 0
lr: 0.03
momentum: 0
nesterov: False
weight_decay: 0
)
训练模型
num_epochs = 3
for epoch in range(1, num_epochs + 1):
for X, y in data_iter:
output = net(X)
l = loss(output, y.view(-1, 1))
optimizer.zero_grad() # 梯度清零，等价于net.zero_grad()
l.backward()
optimizer.step()
print('epoch %d, loss: %f' % (epoch, l.item()))
dense = net.linear
print(true_w, dense.weight, "\n")
print(true_b, dense.bias, "\n")
epoch 1, loss: 0.000574
epoch 2, loss: 0.000204
epoch 3, loss: 0.000053
[2, -3.4] Parameter containing:
tensor([[ 2.0003, -3.3994]], requires_grad=True)
4.2 Parameter containing:
tensor([4.1993], requires_grad=True)
2 softmax回归
2.1 softmax回归的从零开始实现
获取数据集
import torch
import torchvision
import torchvision.transforms as transforms
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import time
import sys
sys.path.append("..") # 为了导入上层目录的d2lzh_pytorch
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='~/Datasets/FashionMNIST', train=True, download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='~/Datasets/FashionMNIST', train=False, download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())
print(type(mnist_train))# <class 'torchvision.datasets.mnist.FashionMNIST'>
print(len(mnist_train), len(mnist_test))# 60000 10000
feature, label = mnist_train[0]
print(feature.shape, label) # torch.Size([1, 28, 28]) 9
def get_fashion_mnist_labels(labels):# 将数值标签转成相应的文本标签
text_labels = ['t-shirt', 'trouser', 'pullover', 'dress', 'coat',
'sandal', 'shirt', 'sneaker', 'bag', 'ankle boot']
return [text_labels[int(i)] for i in labels]
def use_svg_display(): # 用矢量图显示
display.set_matplotlib_formats('svg')
def show_fashion_mnist(images, labels):#可以在一行里画出多张图像和对应标签的函数
use_svg_display()
_, figs = plt.subplots(1, len(images), figsize=(12, 12))# 这里的_表示我们忽略（不使用）的变量
for f, img, lbl in zip(figs, images, labels):
f.imshow(img.view((28, 28)).numpy())
f.set_title(lbl)
f.axes.get_xaxis().set_visible(False)# 隐藏坐标系
f.axes.get_yaxis().set_visible(False)
plt.show()
X, y = [], []
for i in range(10):
X.append(mnist_train[i][0])
y.append(mnist_train[i][1])
show_fashion_mnist(X, get_fashion_mnist_labels(y))
def load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size):
if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
num_workers = 0 # 0表示不用额外的进程来加速读取数据
else:
num_workers = 4
train_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=num_workers)
test_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=num_workers)
return train_iter, test_iter
start = time.time()
for X, y in train_iter:
continue
print('%.2f sec' % (time.time() - start))# 10.30 sec
batch_size = 256
train_iter, test_iter = load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
初始化模型参数
num_inputs = 28*28
num_outputs = 10
W = torch.tensor(np.random.normal(0, 0.01, (num_inputs, num_outputs)), dtype=torch.float)
b = torch.zeros(num_outputs, dtype=torch.float)
W.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
b.requires_grad_(requires_grad=True)
实现softmax运算
def softmax(X):# 将输出值变换成值为正且和为1的概率分布
X_exp = X.exp()
partition = X_exp.sum(dim=1, keepdim=True)
return X_exp / partition # 这里应用了广播机制
X = torch.rand((2, 5))
X_prob = softmax(X)
print(X_prob, X_prob.sum(dim=1))# tensor([[0.3089, 0.1828, 0.1810, 0.1556, 0.1716], [0.1133, 0.2303, 0.1293, 0.2722, 0.2549]]) tensor([1., 1.])
定义模型
def net(X):
return softmax(torch.mm(X.view(-1, num_inputs), W) + b)
定义损失函数
def cross_entropy(y_hat, y):
return - torch.log(y_hat.gather(1, y.view(-1, 1)))
定义优化函数
def sgd(params, lr, batch_size): # 定义优化算法
for param in params:
param.data -= lr * param.grad / batch_size # 注意这里更改param时用的param.data
计算分类准确率
y_hat = torch.tensor([[0.1, 0.3, 0.6], [0.3, 0.2, 0.5]])
y = torch.LongTensor([0, 2])
print(y_hat.gather(1, y.view(-1, 1)))# tensor([[0.1000], [0.5000]])
print(cross_entropy(y_hat, y))# tensor([[2.3026], [0.6931]])
print(accuracy(y_hat, y))# 0.5
def evaluate_accuracy(data_iter, net):
acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0
for X, y in data_iter:
acc_sum += (net(X).argmax(dim=1) == y).float().sum().item()
n += y.shape[0]
return acc_sum / n
print(evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)) #0.1302
模型训练
num_epochs, lr = 5, 0.1
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size,
params=None, lr=None, optimizer=None):
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_l_sum, train_acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0
for X, y in train_iter:
y_hat = net(X)
l = loss(y_hat, y).sum()
# 梯度清零
if optimizer is not None:
optimizer.zero_grad()
elif params is not None and params[0].grad is not None:
for param in params:
param.grad.data.zero_()
l.backward()
if optimizer is None:
sgd(params, lr, batch_size)
else:
optimizer.step() # “softmax回归的简洁实现”一节将用到
train_l_sum += l.item()
train_acc_sum += (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).sum().item()
n += y.shape[0]
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)
print('epoch %d, loss %.4f, train acc %.3f, test acc %.3f'
% (epoch + 1, train_l_sum / n, train_acc_sum / n, test_acc))
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, cross_entropy, num_epochs, batch_size, [W, b], lr)
# epoch 1, loss 0.7858, train acc 0.749, test acc 0.793
# epoch 2, loss 0.5722, train acc 0.813, test acc 0.811
# epoch 3, loss 0.5264, train acc 0.824, test acc 0.818
# epoch 4, loss 0.5019, train acc 0.832, test acc 0.826
# epoch 5, loss 0.4856, train acc 0.836, test acc 0.823
X, y = iter(test_iter).next()
true_labels = get_fashion_mnist_labels(y.numpy())
pred_labels = get_fashion_mnist_labels(net(X).argmax(dim=1).numpy())
titles = [true + '\n' + pred for true, pred in zip(true_labels, pred_labels)]
show_fashion_mnist(X[0:9], titles[0:9])
2.2 softmax回归的简介实现
获取和读取数据
batch_size = 256
mnist_train = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='~/Datasets/FashionMNIST', train=True, download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())
mnist_test = torchvision.datasets.FashionMNIST(root='~/Datasets/FashionMNIST', train=False, download=True, transform=transforms.ToTensor())
train_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_train, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=True, num_workers=num_workers)
test_iter = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(mnist_test, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=num_workers)
定义和初始化模型
num_inputs = 28*28
num_outputs = 10
class LinearNet(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_inputs, num_outputs):
super(LinearNet, self).__init__()
self.linear = nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_outputs)
def forward(self, x): # x shape: (batch, 1, 28, 28)
y = self.linear(x.view(x.shape[0], -1))
return y
net = LinearNet(num_inputs, num_outputs)
class FlattenLayer(nn.Module): # 对x的形状转换
def __init__(self):
super(FlattenLayer, self).__init__()
def forward(self, x): # x shape: (batch, *, *, ...)
return x.view(x.shape[0], -1)
from collections import OrderedDict
net = nn.Sequential(
# FlattenLayer(),
# nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_outputs)
OrderedDict([
('flatten', FlattenLayer()),
('linear', nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_outputs))
])
)
init.normal_(net.linear.weight, mean=0, std=0.01)
init.constant_(net.linear.bias, val=0)
softmax和交叉熵损失函数
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
定义优化算法
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.1)
训练模型
num_epochs = 5
def train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size,
params=None, lr=None, optimizer=None):
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
train_l_sum, train_acc_sum, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0
for X, y in train_iter:
y_hat = net(X)
l = loss(y_hat, y).sum()
# 梯度清零
if optimizer is not None:
optimizer.zero_grad()
elif params is not None and params[0].grad is not None:
for param in params:
param.grad.data.zero_()
l.backward()
if optimizer is None:
sgd(params, lr, batch_size)
else:
optimizer.step() # “softmax回归的简洁实现”一节将用到
train_l_sum += l.item()
train_acc_sum += (y_hat.argmax(dim=1) == y).sum().item()
n += y.shape[0]
test_acc = evaluate_accuracy(test_iter, net)
print('epoch %d, loss %.4f, train acc %.3f, test acc %.3f'
% (epoch + 1, train_l_sum / n, train_acc_sum / n, test_acc))
train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, batch_size, None, None, optimizer)
# epoch 1, loss 0.0031, train acc 0.748, test acc 0.791
# epoch 2, loss 0.0022, train acc 0.813, test acc 0.797
# epoch 3, loss 0.0021, train acc 0.825, test acc 0.807
# epoch 4, loss 0.0020, train acc 0.831, test acc 0.818
# epoch 5, loss 0.0019, train acc 0.837, test acc 0.827
3. 其他补充知识
3.1 权证衰减——应对过拟合
带有 L 2 L_2 L2范数惩罚项的新损失函数为： l ( w 1 , w 2 , b ) + λ 2 n ∣ ∣ w ∣ ∣ 2 l(w_1, w_2, b)+\frac{\lambda}{2n}||w||^2 l(w1,w2,b)+2nλ∣∣w∣∣2，它的效果是减小w，这也就是权重衰减（weight decay）的由来。
optimizer_w = torch.optim.SGD(params=[net.weight], lr=lr, weight_decay=wd) # 对权重参数衰减,wd为大于1的常数
3.2 丢弃法——应对过拟合
当对该隐藏层使用丢弃法时，该层的隐藏单元将有一定概率被丢弃掉。设丢弃概率为 p p p，那么有 p p p的概率 h i h_i hi会被清零，有 1 − p 1-p 1−p的概率 h i h_i hi会除以 1 − p 1-p 1−p做拉伸。丢弃概率是丢弃法的超参数。具体来说，设随机变量 ξ i \xi_i ξi为0和1的概率分别为 p p p和 1 − p 1-p 1−p。由于在训练中隐藏层神经元的丢弃是随机的，即 h 1 , … , h 5 h_1, \ldots, h_5 h1,…,h5都有可能被清零，输出层的计算无法过度依赖 h 1 , … , h 5 h_1, \ldots, h_5 h1,…,h5中的任一个，从而在训练模型时起到正则化的作用，并可以用来应对过拟合。在测试模型时，我们为了拿到更加确定性的结果，一般不使用丢弃法。
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