Java基础篇：初识反射

一.什么是反射

反射是指通过Java的反射机制获得指定类的Class类。并通过Class类获取指定类的属性，方法和构造方法。也可以获取Class类的注解信息和修改属性的值。

二.反射获取Class类的方式

常规获取Class主要有以下三种方法

package com.test2;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException {
        Test test = new Test();
        Class c ;
        //方式一，通过实体对象获取
        c = test.getClass();
        System.out.println(c);

        //方式二，通过Class.forName获取
        c = Class.forName("com.test2.Test");
        System.out.println(c);

        //方式三，直接将 Test.class 赋给class类
        c = Test.class;
        System.out.println(c);



    }
}

class Test{
    String str;

    public Test() {
    }

    public Test(String str) {
        this.str = str;
    }
}

三.常见的反射使用方法

1. 获取类的构造器

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException {
        Test test;
        Class c = Class.forName("com.test2.Test");

        System.out.println("获取类的所有构造方法");
        Constructor[] constructors = c.getDeclaredConstructors();
        for (Constructor constructor : constructors) {
            System.out.println(constructor);
        }

        System.out.println("-----------------------");
        System.out.println("获取类的指定构造方法");
        //需要传入指定构造方法的参数
        Constructor constructor = c.getConstructor(String.class);
        System.out.println(constructor);
    }
}

2. 获取和修改类的属性

package com.test2;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws NoSuchFieldException, IllegalAccessException {
        Test test = new Test();
        Class c = test.getClass();

        //获取当前类指定的属性
        Field field = c.getDeclaredField("str");

        //由于str是私有属性，想要赋值需要关闭安全检测
        field.setAccessible(true);

        //给test的str属性赋值
        field.set(test,"123");

        System.out.println(test);
    }
}

class Test{
    private String str;

    public Test() {
    }

    public Test(String str) {
        this.str = str;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Test{" +
                "str='" + str + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

3. 获取类的方法

package com.test2;


import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, NoSuchMethodException,
     IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException, InstantiationException {
        Class c = Class.forName("com.test2.Test");
        //初始化test对象
        Test test = (Test)c.newInstance();

        System.out.println("获取类的所有方法");
        Method[] methods = c.getDeclaredMethods();
        for (Method method : methods) {
            System.out.println(method);
        }

        System.out.println("-----------------------");
        System.out.println("获取类的指定方法");
        //需要传入指定方法的名字和参数
        Method method = c.getDeclaredMethod("method1",null);
        method.invoke(test,null);

        System.out.println("-----------------------");
        method = c.getDeclaredMethod("method2", String.class);
        method.invoke(test,"hello");

    }
}

class Test{
    private String str;

    public Test() {
    }

    public Test(String str) {
        this.str = str;
    }

    public void method1(){
        System.out.println("执行方法一");
    }

    public void method2(String str){
        this.str = str;
        System.out.println(str);
    }
}

4. 获取类的注解信息

package com.test2;

import java.lang.annotation.*;

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args)  {
        Test test = new Test();
        Class c = test.getClass();

        System.out.println("获取类的所有注解信息");
        Annotation[] annotations = c.getAnnotations();
        for (Annotation annotation : annotations) {
            System.out.println(annotation);
        }
        
        System.out.println("-------------");
        System.out.println("获取类指定的注解信息");
        Tt annotation = (Tt)c.getAnnotation(Tt.class);
        System.out.println("id="+annotation.id());
        System.out.println("name="+annotation.name());

    }
}

@Tt(name = "测试类",id = 1)
class Test{
    private String str;

    public Test() {
    }

    public Test(String str) {
        this.str = str;
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Test{" +
                "str='" + str + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}


@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@interface Tt{
    String name();
    int id();
}