Spring Cloud Ribbon:负载均衡的服务调用
文章目录
前言
Spring Cloud Ribbon 是Spring Cloud Netflix 子项目的核心组件之一,主要给服务间调用及API网关转发提供负载均衡的功能,在微服务架构中,很多服务都会部署多个,其他服务去调用该服务的时候,如何保证负载均衡是个不得不去考虑的问题。负载均衡可以增加系统的可用性和扩展性,当我们使用RestTemplate来调用其他服务时,Ribbon可以很方便的实现负载均衡功能。
一、负载均衡策略
所谓的负载均衡策略,就是当A服务调用B服务时,此时B服务有多个实例,这时A服务以何种方式来选择调用的B实例,ribbon可以选择以下几种负载均衡策略。
- RandomRule:从提供服务的实例中以随机的方式;
- RoundRobinRule:以线性轮询的方式,就是维护一个计数器,从提供服务的实例中按顺序选取,第一次选第一个,第二次选第二个,以此类推,到最后一个以后再从头来过;
- RetryRule:在RoundRobinRule的基础上添加重试机制,即在指定的重试时间内,反复使用线性轮询策略来选择可用实例;
- WeightedResponseTimeRule:对RoundRobinRule的扩展,响应速度越快的实例选择权重越大,越容易被选择;
- BestAvailableRule:选择并发较小的实例;
- AvailabilityFilteringRule:先过滤掉故障实例,再选择并发较小的实例;
- ZoneAwareLoadBalancer:采用双重过滤,同时过滤不是同一区域的实例和故障实例,选择并发较小的实例。
二、RestTemplate的使用
RestTemplate是一个HTTP客户端,使用它我们可以方便的调用HTTP接口,支持GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等方法。
GET请求方法
<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);
<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
<T> T getForObject(URI url, Class<T> responseType);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
<T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(URI var1, Class<T> responseType);
getForObject方法
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public CommonResult getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
//返回对象为响应体中数据转化成的对象
}
getForEntity方法
@GetMapping("/getEntityByUsername")
public CommonResult getEntityByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) {
return entity.getBody();
} else {
return new CommonResult("操作失败", 500);
}
}
//返回对象为ResponseEntity对象,包含了响应中的一些重要信息,比如响应头、响应状态码、响应体等
POST请求方法的方法同GET请求方法的方法。
PUT请求方法
void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Object... uriVariables);
void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
void put(URI url, @Nullable Object request);
@PutMapping("/update")
public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
restTemplate.put(userServiceUrl + "/user/update", user);
return new CommonResult("操作成功",200);
}
DELETE请求方法
void delete(String url, Object... uriVariables);
void delete(String url, Map<String, ?> uriVariables);
void delete(URI url);
DELETE请求示例
@DeleteMapping("/delete/{id}")
public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
restTemplate.delete(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, id);
return new CommonResult("操作成功",200);
}
三、创建一个user-service模块
首先我们创建一个user-service,用于给Ribbon提供服务调用。在pom.xml中添加相关依赖。
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
在application.yml进行配置
server:
port: 8201
spring:
application:
name: user-service
eureka:
client:
register-with-eureka: true
fetch-registry: true
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
import com.macro.cloud.domain.User;
import java.util.List;
public interface UserService {
void create(User user);
User getUser(Long id);
void update(User user);
void delete(Long id);
User getByUsername(String username);
List<User> getUserByIds(List<Long> ids);
}
import com.macro.cloud.domain.User;
import com.macro.cloud.service.UserService;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.util.CollectionUtils;
import javax.annotation.PostConstruct;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
@Service
public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
private List<User> userList;
@Override
public void create(User user) {
userList.add(user);
}
@Override
public User getUser(Long id) {
List<User> findUserList = userList.stream().filter(userItem -> userItem.getId().equals(id)).collect(Collectors.toList());
if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(findUserList)) {
return findUserList.get(0);
}
return null;
}
@Override
public void update(User user) {
userList.stream().filter(userItem -> userItem.getId().equals(user.getId())).forEach(userItem -> {
userItem.setUsername(user.getUsername());
userItem.setPassword(user.getPassword());
});
}
@Override
public void delete(Long id) {
User user = getUser(id);
if (user != null) {
userList.remove(user);
}
}
@Override
public User getByUsername(String username) {
List<User> findUserList = userList.stream().filter(userItem -> userItem.getUsername().equals(username)).collect(Collectors.toList());
if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(findUserList)) {
return findUserList.get(0);
}
return null;
}
@Override
public List<User> getUserByIds(List<Long> ids) {
return userList.stream().filter(userItem -> ids.contains(userItem.getId())).collect(Collectors.toList());
}
@PostConstruct
public void initData() {
userList = new ArrayList<>();
userList.add(new User(1L, "macro", "123456"));
userList.add(new User(2L, "andy", "123456"));
userList.add(new User(3L, "mark", "123456"));
}
}
添加UserController用于提供调用接口
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserController {
private Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(this.getClass());
@Autowired
private UserService userService;
@PostMapping("/create")
public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
userService.create(user);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public CommonResult<User> getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
User user = userService.getUser(id);
LOGGER.info("根据id获取用户信息,用户名称为:{}",user.getUsername());
return new CommonResult<>(user);
}
@GetMapping("/getUserByIds")
public CommonResult<List<User>> getUserByIds(@RequestParam List<Long> ids) {
List<User> userList= userService.getUserByIds(ids);
LOGGER.info("根据ids获取用户信息,用户列表为:{}",userList);
return new CommonResult<>(userList);
}
@GetMapping("/getByUsername")
public CommonResult<User> getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
User user = userService.getByUsername(username);
return new CommonResult<>(user);
}
@PostMapping("/update")
public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
userService.update(user);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
@PostMapping("/delete/{id}")
public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
userService.delete(id);
return new CommonResult("操作成功", 200);
}
}
四、创建一个ribbon-service模块
在pom.xml中添加相关依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
在application.yml进行配置
server:
port: 8301
spring:
application:
name: ribbon-service
eureka:
client:
register-with-eureka: true
fetch-registry: true
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8001/eureka/
service-url:
user-service: http://user-service
使用@LoadBalanced注解赋予RestTemplate负载均衡的能力
@Configuration
public class RibbonConfig {
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
public RestTemplate restTemplate(){
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
添加UserRibbonController类
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/user")
public class UserRibbonController {
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;
@Value("${service-url.user-service}")
private String userServiceUrl;
@GetMapping("/{id}")
public CommonResult getUser(@PathVariable Long id) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id);
}
@GetMapping("/getByUsername")
public CommonResult getByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
}
@GetMapping("/getEntityByUsername")
public CommonResult getEntityByUsername(@RequestParam String username) {
ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username);
if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) {
return entity.getBody();
} else {
return new CommonResult("操作失败", 500);
}
}
@PostMapping("/create")
public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) {
return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class);
}
@PostMapping("/update")
public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) {
return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/update", user, CommonResult.class);
}
@PostMapping("/delete/{id}")
public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) {
return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, CommonResult.class, id);
}
}
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负载均衡功能演示
启动eureka-server于8001端口;启动user-service于8201端口;启动另一个user-service于8202端口,可以通过修改IDEA中的SpringBoot的启动配置实现:
此时运行中的服务如下:
可以发现运行在8201和8202的user-service控制台交替打印如下信息:
使用到的模块包括eureka-server是eureka注册中心,user-service 能够提供User对象CRUD接口的服务,而ribbon-service可以使用ribbon服务调用测试服务。
全局配置
ribbon:
ConnectTimeout: 1000 #服务请求连接超时时间(毫秒)
ReadTimeout: 3000 #服务请求处理超时时间(毫秒)
OkToRetryOnAllOperations: true #对超时请求启用重试机制
MaxAutoRetriesNextServer: 1 #切换重试实例的最大个数
MaxAutoRetries: 1 # 切换实例后重试最大次数
NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule #修改负载均衡算法