函数
数据处理函数/单行处理函数
数据处理函数又被称为单行处理函数
单行处理函数的特点:一个输入对应一个输出。
和多行处理函数相对的是:多行处理函数。
多行处理函数的特点:多个输入对应一个输出。
lower转小写
mysql> select lower(ename) from emp;
+--------------+
| lower(ename) |
+--------------+
| smith |
| allen |
| ward |
| jones |
| martin |
| blake |
| clark |
| scott |
| king |
| turner |
| adams |
| james |
| ford |
| miller |
+--------------+
14 rows in set (0.09 sec)
mysql> select lower(ename) as name from emp;
+--------+
| name |
+--------+
| smith |
| allen |
| ward |
| jones |
| martin |
| blake |
| clark |
| scott |
| king |
| turner |
| adams |
| james |
| ford |
| miller |
+--------+
14 rows in set (0.04 sec)
substr截取字符串
mysql> select substr(ename,1,1) as ename from emp;
+-------+
| ename |
+-------+
| S |
| A |
| W |
| J |
| M |
| B |
| C |
| S |
| K |
| T |
| A |
| J |
| F |
| M |
+-------+
14 rows in set (0.06 sec)
concat拼接字符串
mysql> select concat(empno,ename) from emp;
+---------------------+
| concat(empno,ename) |
+---------------------+
| 7369SMITH |
| 7499ALLEN |
| 7521WARD |
| 7566JONES |
| 7654MARTIN |
| 7698BLAKE |
| 7782CLARK |
| 7788SCOTT |
| 7839KING |
| 7844TURNER |
| 7876ADAMS |
| 7900JAMES |
| 7902FORD |
| 7934MILLER |
+---------------------+
14 rows in set (0.03 sec)
首字母转小写
mysql> select concat(lower(substr(ename,1,1)),substr(ename,2,length(ename)-1)) as result from emp;
+--------+
| result |
+--------+
| sMITH |
| aLLEN |
| wARD |
| jONES |
| mARTIN |
| bLAKE |
| cLARK |
| sCOTT |
| kING |
| tURNER |
| aDAMS |
| jAMES |
| fORD |
| mILLER |
+--------+
14 rows in set (0.05 sec)
length 查询长度
mysql> select length(ename) from emp;
+---------------+
| length(ename) |
+---------------+
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 5 |
| 6 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 6 |
| 5 |
| 5 |
| 4 |
| 6 |
+---------------+
14 rows in set (0.05 sec)
去除空格
mysql> select * from emp where ename = trim(' SMITH');
+-------+-------+-------+------+------------+--------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+-------+-------+------+------------+--------+------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
+-------+-------+-------+------+------------+--------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.50 sec)
ifnull函数
计算每个员工的年薪
mysql> select ename,(sal+comm)*12 as yearsal from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | yearsal |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | NULL |
| ALLEN | 22800.00 |
| WARD | 21000.00 |
| JONES | NULL |
| MARTIN | 31800.00 |
| BLAKE | NULL |
| CLARK | NULL |
| SCOTT | NULL |
| KING | NULL |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | NULL |
| JAMES | NULL |
| FORD | NULL |
| MILLER | NULL |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.05 sec)
因为comm存在null,而null参与的所有运算结果为null。
使用ifnull
如果津贴comm为null,将comm当做0处理
mysql> select ename,(sal+ifnull(comm,0))*12 as yearsal from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | yearsal |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 22800.00 |
| WARD | 21000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 31800.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.05 sec)
case…when…then…when…then…else…end
当员工的工作岗位是MANAGER的时候,工资上调10%,当工作岗位是SALESMAN的时候,工资上调50%,其它正常。
mysql> select ename,job,sal as oldsal,(case job when 'MANAGER' then sal*1.1 when 'SALESMAN' then sal*1.5 else sal end) as newsal from emp;
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
| ename | job | oldsal | newsal |
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
| SMITH | CLERK | 800.00 | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | SALESMAN | 1600.00 | 2400.00 |
| WARD | SALESMAN | 1250.00 | 1875.00 |
| JONES | MANAGER | 2975.00 | 3272.50 |
| MARTIN | SALESMAN | 1250.00 | 1875.00 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 2850.00 | 3135.00 |
| CLARK | MANAGER | 2450.00 | 2695.00 |
| SCOTT | ANALYST | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
| KING | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | SALESMAN | 1500.00 | 2250.00 |
| ADAMS | CLERK | 1100.00 | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | CLERK | 950.00 | 950.00 |
| FORD | ANALYST | 3000.00 | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | CLERK | 1300.00 | 1300.00 |
+--------+-----------+---------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.05 sec)
分组函数(多行处理函数)
多行处理函数的特点:输入多行,最终输出一行
五个:
-
count 计数
-
sum 求和
-
avg 平均值
-
max 最大值
-
min 最小值
注意:
分组函数在使用的时候必须进行分组,然后使用。
如果没有对数据进行分组,整张表默认为一组。
找出最高工资
mysql> select max(sal) from emp;
+----------+
| max(sal) |
+----------+
| 5000.00 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.19 sec)
找出最低工资
mysql> select min(sal) from emp;
+----------+
| min(sal) |
+----------+
| 800.00 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.11 sec)
计算工资和
mysql> select sum(sal) from emp;
+----------+
| sum(sal) |
+----------+
| 29025.00 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.12 sec)
计算平均工资
mysql> select avg(sal) from emp;
+-------------+
| avg(sal) |
+-------------+
| 2073.214286 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
计算员工数量总和
mysql> select count(ename) from emp;
+--------------+
| count(ename) |
+--------------+
| 14 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
注意:分组函数自动忽略null,你不需要提前对null进行处理(count也会忽略null,不会对null计数)
count(*) 和count(具体字段)的区别
mysql> select count(*) from emp;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 14 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.29 sec)
mysql> select count(comm) from emp;
+-------------+
| count(comm) |
+-------------+
| 4 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
count(具体字段):表示统计该字段下所有不为null的元素的总和。
count(*):统计表当中的总行数。(只要有一行数据count则++)
分组函数组合使用
mysql> select sum(sal),min(sal),max(sal),avg(sal),count(*) from emp;
+----------+----------+----------+-------------+----------+
| sum(sal) | min(sal) | max(sal) | avg(sal) | count(*) |
+----------+----------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 29025.00 | 800.00 | 5000.00 | 2073.214286 | 14 |
+----------+----------+----------+-------------+----------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
分组查询(非常重要)
什么是分组查询
在实际应用中,可能有这样的需求,需要先进行分组,然后对每一组的数据进行操作。
这个时候我们需要使用分组查询,怎么进行分组查询呢?
select… from… group by…;
select…
from…
where…
group by…
order by…
上面语句关键字执行顺序
-
from
-
where
-
group by
-
select
-
order by
分组函数必须在分组后面执行
mysql> select ename,sal from emp where sal>min(sal); 1111 - Invalid use of group function
该语句中先执行where语句而group by在where后面执行,所以错误。
计算每个工作岗位的工资总和
mysql> select job,sum(sal) from emp group by job;
+-----------+----------+
| job | sum(sal) |
+-----------+----------+
| CLERK | 4150.00 |
| SALESMAN | 5600.00 |
| MANAGER | 8275.00 |
| ANALYST | 6000.00 |
| PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |
+-----------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
计算每个工作岗位的平均薪资
mysql> select job,avg(sal) from emp group by job;
+-----------+-------------+
| job | avg(sal) |
+-----------+-------------+
| CLERK | 1037.500000 |
| SALESMAN | 1400.000000 |
| MANAGER | 2758.333333 |
| ANALYST | 3000.000000 |
| PRESIDENT | 5000.000000 |
+-----------+-------------+
5 rows in set (0.06 sec)
计算每个工作岗位的最高薪资
mysql> select job,max(sal) from emp group by job;
+-----------+----------+
| job | max(sal) |
+-----------+----------+
| CLERK | 1300.00 |
| SALESMAN | 1600.00 |
| MANAGER | 2975.00 |
| ANALYST | 3000.00 |
| PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |
+-----------+----------+
5 rows in set (0.14 sec)
找出每个部门,不同工作岗位的最高工资总和(两个字段联合分组)
mysql> select deptno,job,max(sal) from emp group by deptno,job order by deptno;
+--------+-----------+----------+
| deptno | job | max(sal) |
+--------+-----------+----------+
| 10 | CLERK | 1300.00 |
| 10 | MANAGER | 2450.00 |
| 10 | PRESIDENT | 5000.00 |
| 20 | ANALYST | 3000.00 |
| 20 | CLERK | 1100.00 |
| 20 | MANAGER | 2975.00 |
| 30 | CLERK | 950.00 |
| 30 | MANAGER | 2850.00 |
| 30 | SALESMAN | 1600.00 |
+--------+-----------+----------+
9 rows in set (0.03 sec)
使用having可以对分完组的数据进一步进行过滤
having不能单独使用,必须和group by 联合使用
找出每个部门最高工资,要求显示最高工资大于3000的
//找出每个部门的最高工资
mysql> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | max(sal) |
+--------+----------+
| 20 | 3000.00 |
| 30 | 2850.00 |
| 10 | 5000.00 |
+--------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.03 sec)
//显示最高工资大于3000
mysql> select deptno,max(sal) from emp group by deptno having max(sal)>3000;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | max(sal) |
+--------+----------+
| 10 | 5000.00 |
+--------+----------+
1 row in set (0.13 sec)
//以上sql语句效率低,可以先找出大于3000的然后进行分组。
mysql> select deptno,max(sal) from emp where sal>3000 group by deptno;
+--------+----------+
| deptno | max(sal) |
+--------+----------+
| 10 | 5000.00 |
+--------+----------+
1 row in set (0.11 sec)
优化策略:where和having,优先选择where,where实在完成不了的,再选择having
where完成不了的
找出每个部门平均工资,要求显示平均薪资高于2500的
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>2500;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
where完成不了的
找出每个部门平均工资,要求显示平均薪资高于2500的
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 20 | 2175.000000 |
| 30 | 1566.666667 |
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.02 sec)
mysql> select deptno,avg(sal) from emp group by deptno having avg(sal)>2500;
+--------+-------------+
| deptno | avg(sal) |
+--------+-------------+
| 10 | 2916.666667 |
+--------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec)