An investment on how radar works in other aspects

电子科技大学 格拉斯哥学院 2017级 马豪骏

1. Preface
   When radar is mentioned, it is always connected to military, of course, it is wildly used in military to detect the objects far away, in this way, they can ensure the safety of a country. But radar is also used in other aspects, like environment. Then, let’s focus on the principles.
2. The main part
   (1)Application of lidar in oil and gas exploration
   It is a direct and quick way to detect the anomaly of hydrocarbon gas above oil and gas by remote sensing. Lidar is a combination of laser technology and radar technology. The laser has a wide range of working wavelength and the laser is directional radiation, has the advantages of collimation, high sensitivity of measurement.
   Lidar consists of transmitting system and receiving system. The transmitting system mainly includes laser and transmitting telescope; The receiving system consists of receiving telescope, photomultiplier tube and display. Laser radar technology is based on the laser beam propagation in the atmosphere, the dust particles in the atmosphere and all kinds of gas molecules on the laser dispersion, Rayleigh scattering, Raman scattering and resonance fluorescence and resonance absorption phenomenon, then using laser radar receiving system produced in the process of gathering and recording the above phenomenon backscattering spectrum, in order to achieve the purpose of detecting atmospheric composition and concentration.
   Hydrocarbon gas is the main indicator of oil and gas micro-leakage in oil and gas fields, and the hydrocarbon gas near the surface is mainly the result of early diagenesis, bacterial action and underground thermal action. The detection distance and the absorption cross section of the gas molecules are the main factors that affect the sensitivity of the probe guillotine. According to the research data, the larger the absorption cross section, the higher the sensitivity. The greater the detection distance, the higher the sensitivity. The relationship between the path and the sensitivity is that the longer the path, the stronger the absorption attenuation of the gas molecules on the laser beam, so that the detection sensitivity is greatly improved. However, due to the dispersion of laser spot and the jitter effect caused by the change of laser transmission direction caused by atmospheric turbulence, the effective utilization rate of laser will be reduced, that is, the signal-to-noise ratio will be reduced, thus affecting the detection accuracy of the molecular content of pollution gas. Therefore, the detection distance should be several kilometers.
   (2)Lidar is used for meteorological research
   Lidar is a very important meteorological instrument, it is based on the electromagnetic energy will be reflected back from the target detection principle. What makes it better than radar is that it can operate not only in the microwave region, but in visible, infrared or shorter regions. Lidar is an extension of radar in the optical electromagnetic spectrum. Scattered waves radiated by the target are collected by the receiving optical system and concentrated on a sensitive detector.
   The design of the first relatively primitive instrument developed at the Stanford institute clearly illustrates the application of lidar, such as detecting the location of clouds and fog layers through rain water or the structure of underlying clouds, and the height of the ascending limit.
   SRI3 lidar, which detects thin cirrus clouds, shows a higher level. It shows that a very high peak power can penetrate clouds and form reflections at the same time. This phenomenon can be used to prove the existence of several cirrus clouds at different sea wave heights. For example, the cooling of laser is the problem that all lasers must solve. Air cooling can be used when the laser radar pulse repetition frequency is low or the pump threshold is low, while the cooling system must be used to cool the laser at a higher laser pulse energy.
   (3)Automatic parking technology
   Automatic parking systems typically have sensors around the front and rear of the car that act as either transmitters or receivers. They send laser signals that bounce back when they hit obstacles around the body. The onboard computer then uses the time it takes to receive the signal to determine the location of the obstacle. Some parking systems use bumpers with cameras or radar to detect obstacles. Generally speaking, the principle is the same, the car will detect the parked car, the size of the parking space and the distance from the roadside, and then drive the car into the parking space.
   The working mode is as follows: when the car moves to the front of the car, the system will give the driver a signal to tell him the time to stop. Then, the driver changes gears, releases the brakes slightly and starts reversing. The car’s computer system will then take over the steering wheel. The computer uses a power steering system to turn the wheels and completely tip the car into the parking space. When the car goes far enough back, the system gives the driver another signal telling him to stop and change into forward gear. The car moved forward, putting the wheels in position. Finally, the system signals the driver that the car has stopped.
3. Summary
   As we can see above, radar in not only helpful in military use, but powerful in people’s daily aspects. Radar is a sensitive device that is mainly used to detect what is hard to judge in usual ways, it makes life convenient and intelligent and changes the world to a totally new dimension.