√ JavaSE - 25.怎么利用网络传输文件（卷2 P180 P186 P199 P215 P221）

1. 套接字（Socket）由IP地址和端口号组成。
2. IP地址可以自行查询手动输入，也可以利用域名通过InetAddress.getByName()获取。
3. 访问量较大的域名通过对应多个IP地址实现负载均衡，访问时InetAddress.getByName()会随机获取其中一个IP地址，InetAddress.getAllByName()会获取所有的IP地址。
4. 服务器的输出会成为客户端的输入，客户端的输出会成为服务器的输入。
5. 服务器的工作流程：
   (1) 通过输入流接收客户端输出流发送的请求命令；
   (2) 解析请求命令；
   (3) 收集所需信息；
   (4) 通过输出流发送信息给客户端；
   (5) 循环执行以上步骤。
6. TCP连接是先开服务器，再开客户端；UDP连接是先开接收方，再开发送方。
7. 利用多线程可以使服务器同时为多个客户端提供服务。
8. 统一资源标识符（URI）包含用来指定Web资源的字符串的各种组成部分。
9. 统一资源定位符（URL）：协议://IP地址:端口号/文件目录，URL是URI的一个特例。
10. 使用URLConnection及其子类获取Web资源，一般使用HttpURLConnection类。

import org.junit.Test;

import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

public class InternetTest {
    /**
     * TCP服务器
     */
    @Test
    public void server() {
        ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
        Socket socket = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = null;
        OutputStream outputStream = null;
        try {
            serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8189);
            socket = serverSocket.accept();
            inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
            byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] data = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(data)) != -1) {
                byteArrayOutputStream.write(data, 0, len);
            }
            System.out.println(byteArrayOutputStream);
            outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
            outputStream.write((LocalDateTime.now() + " Hello, client! This is server.").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (outputStream != null) {
                try {
                    outputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (byteArrayOutputStream != null) {
                try {
                    byteArrayOutputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (serverSocket != null) {
                try {
                    serverSocket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * TCP客户端
     */
    @Test
    public void client() {
        Socket socket = null;
        OutputStream outputStream = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = null;
        try {
            socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 8189);
            outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
            outputStream.write((LocalDateTime.now() + " Hello, server! This is client.").getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            socket.shutdownOutput();
            inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
            byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
            byte[] data = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(data)) != -1) {
                byteArrayOutputStream.write(data, 0, len);
            }
            System.out.println(byteArrayOutputStream);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (byteArrayOutputStream != null) {
                try {
                    byteArrayOutputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (outputStream != null) {
                try {
                    outputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (socket != null) {
                try {
                    socket.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * UDP接收方
     */
    @Test
    public void receiver() {
        DatagramSocket datagramSocket = null;
        DatagramPacket datagramPacket = null;
        try {
            datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(8189);
            byte[] data = new byte[1024];
            datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(data, 0, data.length);
            datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket);
            System.out.println(new String(datagramPacket.getData(), 0, datagramPacket.getLength()));
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            datagramSocket.close();
        }
    }

    /**
     * UDP发送方
     */
    @Test
    public void sender() {
        DatagramSocket datagramSocket = null;
        DatagramPacket datagramPacket = null;
        try {
            datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket();
            String s = LocalDateTime.now() + " Hello, receiver. This is sender.";
            datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(s.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8), 0, s.length(), InetAddress.getLocalHost(), 8189);
            datagramSocket.send(datagramPacket);
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            datagramSocket.close();
        }
    }

    /**
     * 获取Web资源
     */
    @Test
    public void url() {
        HttpURLConnection urlConnection = null;
        InputStream inputStream = null;
        FileOutputStream outputStream = null;
        try {
            URL url = new URL("https://img9.doubanio.com/view/photo/l_ratio_poster/public/p2641910067.jpg");
            urlConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
            urlConnection.connect();
            inputStream = urlConnection.getInputStream();
            outputStream = new FileOutputStream("D:\\Desktop\\Image.jpg");
            byte[] data = new byte[1024];
            int len;
            while ((len = inputStream.read(data)) != -1) {
                outputStream.write(data, 0, len);
            }
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } finally {
            if (outputStream != null) {
                try {
                    outputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            if (inputStream != null) {
                try {
                    inputStream.close();
                } catch (IOException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            urlConnection.disconnect();
        }
    }
}