学习设计模式（二）

花了一周多的时间学习了结构型设计模式再来分享一下
一、适配器模式
这个模式就是在处理某种情况时，该类无法处理就将它转移到别的类处理。
就好比一个音频播放器，该播放器只能处理一种格式的音频，当它遇上其他格式的音频时就需要一个接口将它接到其他的播放器，这个接口就是适配器模式的作用。
普通播放器接口

public interface MediaPlayer {
   public void play(String audioType, String fileName);
}

高级播放器接口

public interface AdvancedMediaPlayer { 
   public void playVlc(String fileName);
   public void playMp4(String fileName);
}

实现高级播放器接口的实体类

public class VlcPlayer implements AdvancedMediaPlayer{
   @Override
   public void playVlc(String fileName) {
      System.out.println("Playing vlc file. Name: "+ fileName);      
   }
 
   @Override
   public void playMp4(String fileName) {
      //什么也不做
   }
}

public class Mp4Player implements AdvancedMediaPlayer{
 
   @Override
   public void playVlc(String fileName) {
      //什么也不做
   }
 
   @Override
   public void playMp4(String fileName) {
      System.out.println("Playing mp4 file. Name: "+ fileName);      
   }
}

public class MediaAdapter implements MediaPlayer {
 	//定义一个高级播放器对象
   AdvancedMediaPlayer advancedMusicPlayer;
 
   public MediaAdapter(String audioType){
   //选择播放哪种格式的音频
      if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc") ){
         advancedMusicPlayer = new VlcPlayer();       
      } else if (audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
         advancedMusicPlayer = new Mp4Player();
      }  
   }
 
   @Override
   public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {
   //选择播放哪种格式的音频
      if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc")){
         advancedMusicPlayer.playVlc(fileName);
      }else if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
         advancedMusicPlayer.playMp4(fileName);
      }
   }
}

适配器，若遇到无法处理的格式转到MediaAdapter

public class AudioPlayer implements MediaPlayer {
   MediaAdapter mediaAdapter; 
 
   @Override
   public void play(String audioType, String fileName) {    
 
      //播放 mp3 音乐文件的内置支持
      if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp3")){
         System.out.println("Playing mp3 file. Name: "+ fileName);         
      } 
      //mediaAdapter 提供了播放其他文件格式的支持
      else if(audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("vlc") 
         || audioType.equalsIgnoreCase("mp4")){
         mediaAdapter = new MediaAdapter(audioType);
         mediaAdapter.play(audioType, fileName);
      }
      else{
         System.out.println("Invalid media. "+
            audioType + " format not supported");
      }
   }   
}

public class AdapterPatternDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      AudioPlayer audioPlayer = new AudioPlayer();
 
      audioPlayer.play("mp3", "beyond the horizon.mp3");
      audioPlayer.play("mp4", "alone.mp4");
      audioPlayer.play("vlc", "far far away.vlc");
      audioPlayer.play("avi", "mind me.avi");
   }
}

二、桥接模式
我实在找不到例子，我只能硬记该模式实现了抽象和实现接口的实体类分离独立化，相比于其他的结构型设计模式只有这一个在抽象出父类时没有实现接口，而是定义了一个保护类型（protected ）的接口对象，并写一个保护类型的有参构造，供子类访问。
具体可以看代码

public interface DrawAPI {
   public void drawCircle(int radius, int x, int y);
}

实现接口的实体类

public class RedCircle implements DrawAPI {
   @Override
   public void drawCircle(int radius, int x, int y) {
      System.out.println("Drawing Circle[ color: red, radius: "
         + radius +", x: " +x+", "+ y +"]");
   }
}

public class GreenCircle implements DrawAPI {
   @Override
   public void drawCircle(int radius, int x, int y) {
      System.out.println("Drawing Circle[ color: green, radius: "
         + radius +", x: " +x+", "+ y +"]");
   }
}

public abstract class Shape {
   protected DrawAPI drawAPI;//定义接口对象
   protected Shape(DrawAPI drawAPI){//有参构造
      this.drawAPI = drawAPI;
   }
   public abstract void draw();  
}

public class Circle extends Shape {
   private int x, y, radius;
 
   public Circle(int x, int y, int radius, DrawAPI drawAPI) {
      super(drawAPI);//为父类的接口对象提供实例化
      this.x = x;  
      this.y = y;  
      this.radius = radius;
   }
 
   public void draw() {
   //直接使用继承的接口对象
      drawAPI.drawCircle(radius,x,y);
   }
}

public class BridgePatternDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Shape redCircle = new Circle(100,100, 10, new RedCircle());
      Shape greenCircle = new Circle(100,100, 10, new GreenCircle());
 
      redCircle.draw();
      greenCircle.draw();
   }
}

三、装饰器模式
特地将这个模式贴在桥接模式后，因为装饰器模式更像是没有实现抽象和实体类独立化的桥接模式，又在桥接时为对象添加一个新的功能不影响其结构。
该模式就像一个人佩戴发夹一样，不管有没有佩戴发夹这个人还是这个人，不会受影响。

public interface Shape {
   void draw();
}

public class Rectangle implements Shape {
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      System.out.println("Shape: Rectangle");
   }
}

public class Circle implements Shape {
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      System.out.println("Shape: Circle");
   }
}

public abstract class ShapeDecorator implements Shape {
   protected Shape decoratedShape;
 
   public ShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape){
      this.decoratedShape = decoratedShape;
   }
 
   public void draw(){
      decoratedShape.draw();
   }  
}

public class RedShapeDecorator extends ShapeDecorator {
 
   public RedShapeDecorator(Shape decoratedShape) {
      super(decoratedShape);     
   }
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      decoratedShape.draw();         
      setRedBorder(decoratedShape);
   }
 
   private void setRedBorder(Shape decoratedShape){
      System.out.println("Border Color: Red");
   }
}

public class DecoratorPatternDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
 
      Shape circle = new Circle();
      ShapeDecorator redCircle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Circle());
      ShapeDecorator redRectangle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Rectangle());
      //Shape redCircle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Circle());
      //Shape redRectangle = new RedShapeDecorator(new Rectangle());
      System.out.println("Circle with normal border");
      circle.draw();
 
      System.out.println("\nCircle of red border");
      redCircle.draw();
 
      System.out.println("\nRectangle of red border");
      redRectangle.draw();
   }
}

结果：

Circle with normal border
Shape: Circle

Circle of red border
Shape: Circle
Border Color: Red

Rectangle of red border
Shape: Rectangle
Border Color: Red

四、过滤器模式
可能很多人在编码时都用过这种编码方式，想象一下，不停的往一个筛子里投入颗粒，这个投放的过程是一个循环，筛子的孔是循环里的条件判断，负责挑出合格品，通过筛子的颗粒就是筛选后的结果。
创建一个标准类

public class Person {
   
   private String name;
   private String gender;
   private String maritalStatus;
 
   public Person(String name,String gender,String maritalStatus){
      this.name = name;
      this.gender = gender;
      this.maritalStatus = maritalStatus;    
   }
 
   public String getName() {
      return name;
   }
   public String getGender() {
      return gender;
   }
   public String getMaritalStatus() {
      return maritalStatus;
   }  
}

为标准类创建一个接口

import java.util.List;
 
public interface Criteria {
   public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons);
}

下面是五种不同的过滤器

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
 
public class CriteriaMale implements Criteria {
 
   @Override
   public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons) {
      List<Person> malePersons = new ArrayList<Person>(); 
      for (Person person : persons) {
         if(person.getGender().equalsIgnoreCase("MALE")){
            malePersons.add(person);
         }
      }
      return malePersons;
   }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
 
public class CriteriaFemale implements Criteria {
 
   @Override
   public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons) {
      List<Person> femalePersons = new ArrayList<Person>(); 
      for (Person person : persons) {
         if(person.getGender().equalsIgnoreCase("FEMALE")){
            femalePersons.add(person);
         }
      }
      return femalePersons;
   }
}

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
 
public class CriteriaSingle implements Criteria {
 
   @Override
   public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons) {
      List<Person> singlePersons = new ArrayList<Person>(); 
      for (Person person : persons) {
         if(person.getMaritalStatus().equalsIgnoreCase("SINGLE")){
            singlePersons.add(person);
         }
      }
      return singlePersons;
   }
}

import java.util.List;
 
public class AndCriteria implements Criteria {
 
   private Criteria criteria;
   private Criteria otherCriteria;
 
   public AndCriteria(Criteria criteria, Criteria otherCriteria) {
      this.criteria = criteria;
      this.otherCriteria = otherCriteria; 
   }
 
   @Override
   public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons) {
      List<Person> firstCriteriaPersons = criteria.meetCriteria(persons);     
      return otherCriteria.meetCriteria(firstCriteriaPersons);
   }
}

import java.util.List;
 
public class OrCriteria implements Criteria {
 
   private Criteria criteria;
   private Criteria otherCriteria;
 
   public OrCriteria(Criteria criteria, Criteria otherCriteria) {
      this.criteria = criteria;
      this.otherCriteria = otherCriteria; 
   }
 
   @Override
   public List<Person> meetCriteria(List<Person> persons) {
      List<Person> firstCriteriaItems = criteria.meetCriteria(persons);
      List<Person> otherCriteriaItems = otherCriteria.meetCriteria(persons);
 
      for (Person person : otherCriteriaItems) {
         if(!firstCriteriaItems.contains(person)){
           firstCriteriaItems.add(person);
         }
      }  
      return firstCriteriaItems;
   }
}

import java.util.ArrayList; 
import java.util.List;
 
public class CriteriaPatternDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      List<Person> persons = new ArrayList<Person>();
 
      persons.add(new Person("Robert","Male", "Single"));
      persons.add(new Person("John","Male", "Married"));
      persons.add(new Person("Laura","Female", "Married"));
      persons.add(new Person("Diana","Female", "Single"));
      persons.add(new Person("Mike","Male", "Single"));
      persons.add(new Person("Bobby","Male", "Single"));
 
      Criteria male = new CriteriaMale();
      Criteria female = new CriteriaFemale();
      Criteria single = new CriteriaSingle();
      Criteria singleMale = new AndCriteria(single, male);
      Criteria singleOrFemale = new OrCriteria(single, female);
 
      System.out.println("Males: ");
      printPersons(male.meetCriteria(persons));
 
      System.out.println("\nFemales: ");
      printPersons(female.meetCriteria(persons));
 
      System.out.println("\nSingle Males: ");
      printPersons(singleMale.meetCriteria(persons));
 
      System.out.println("\nSingle Or Females: ");
      printPersons(singleOrFemale.meetCriteria(persons));
   }
 
   public static void printPersons(List<Person> persons){
      for (Person person : persons) {
         System.out.println("Person : [ Name : " + person.getName() 
            +", Gender : " + person.getGender() 
            +", Marital Status : " + person.getMaritalStatus()
            +" ]");
      }
   }      
}

结果:

Males: 
Person : [ Name : Robert, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : John, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Married ]
Person : [ Name : Mike, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Bobby, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]

Females: 
Person : [ Name : Laura, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Married ]
Person : [ Name : Diana, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Single ]

Single Males: 
Person : [ Name : Robert, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Mike, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Bobby, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]

Single Or Females: 
Person : [ Name : Robert, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Diana, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Mike, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Bobby, Gender : Male, Marital Status : Single ]
Person : [ Name : Laura, Gender : Female, Marital Status : Married ]

五、组合模式
组合模式又叫部分整体模式，组合模式依据树形结构进行组合。
举个例子：现在有三个对象，一个是作者，一个是作者所发的文章，最后一个是每个文章下的评论。现在想完成一个功能，将某个作者所发的文章及其每个文章下的评论输出显示。现在就可以想象一个作者就是一个树干，该树干有若干个文章分支，每个文章的分支又有若干评论的分支。
现在就可以这样定义对象，作者类中有一个文章类的集合，文章类中又有一个评论的集合。这样就可根据某一个作者进行输出他所有文章信息包括评论。
代码：
这份代码为了简洁只用了一个类，不过效果差不多

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
 
public class Employee {
   private String name;
   private String dept;
   private int salary;
   private List<Employee> subordinates;
 
   //构造函数
   public Employee(String name,String dept, int sal) {
      this.name = name;
      this.dept = dept;
      this.salary = sal;
      subordinates = new ArrayList<Employee>();
   }
 
   public void add(Employee e) {
      subordinates.add(e);
   }
 
   public void remove(Employee e) {
      subordinates.remove(e);
   }
 
   public List<Employee> getSubordinates(){
     return subordinates;
   }
 
   public String toString(){
      return ("Employee :[ Name : "+ name 
      +", dept : "+ dept + ", salary :"
      + salary+" ]");
   }   
}

public class CompositePatternDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Employee CEO = new Employee("John","CEO", 30000);
 
      Employee headSales = new Employee("Robert","Head Sales", 20000);
 
      Employee headMarketing = new Employee("Michel","Head Marketing", 20000);
 
      Employee clerk1 = new Employee("Laura","Marketing", 10000);
      Employee clerk2 = new Employee("Bob","Marketing", 10000);
 
      Employee salesExecutive1 = new Employee("Richard","Sales", 10000);
      Employee salesExecutive2 = new Employee("Rob","Sales", 10000);
 
      CEO.add(headSales);
      CEO.add(headMarketing);
 
      headSales.add(salesExecutive1);
      headSales.add(salesExecutive2);
 
      headMarketing.add(clerk1);
      headMarketing.add(clerk2);
 
      //打印该组织的所有员工
      System.out.println(CEO); 
      for (Employee headEmployee : CEO.getSubordinates()) {
         System.out.println(headEmployee);
         for (Employee employee : headEmployee.getSubordinates()) {
            System.out.println(employee);
         }
      }        
   }
}

结果：

Employee :[ Name : John, dept : CEO, salary :30000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Robert, dept : Head Sales, salary :20000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Richard, dept : Sales, salary :10000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Rob, dept : Sales, salary :10000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Michel, dept : Head Marketing, salary :20000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Laura, dept : Marketing, salary :10000 ]
Employee :[ Name : Bob, dept : Marketing, salary :10000 ]

六、外观模式
这个就更简单了，所谓外观，就是把相关对象装在一个对象中，该对象就是外观，像衣服一样。比如电脑，电脑不是单个存在，是无数硬件组合在一起才是电脑，但我们使用的时候只需要按下电脑开机键电脑里面的硬件，CPU，内存，硬盘什么就都被启用了，他们都是被包装在电脑里面的对象，这就是外观模式了。

public interface Shape {
   void draw();
}

public class Rectangle implements Shape {
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      System.out.println("Rectangle::draw()");
   }
}

public class Square implements Shape {
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      System.out.println("Square::draw()");
   }
}

public class Circle implements Shape {
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      System.out.println("Circle::draw()");
   }
}

public class ShapeMaker {
   private Shape circle;
   private Shape rectangle;
   private Shape square;
 
   public ShapeMaker() {
      circle = new Circle();
      rectangle = new Rectangle();
      square = new Square();
   }
 
   public void drawCircle(){
      circle.draw();
   }
   public void drawRectangle(){
      rectangle.draw();
   }
   public void drawSquare(){
      square.draw();
   }
}

public class FacadePatternDemo {
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      ShapeMaker shapeMaker = new ShapeMaker();
 
      shapeMaker.drawCircle();
      shapeMaker.drawRectangle();
      shapeMaker.drawSquare();      
   }
}

七、享元模式
主要用于节省内存，把已创建的对象存到内存中，下次需要再创建此对象时直接返回内存中的对象。

public interface Shape {
   void draw();
}

public class Circle implements Shape {
   private String color;
   private int x;
   private int y;
   private int radius;
 
   public Circle(String color){
      this.color = color;     
   }
 
   public void setX(int x) {
      this.x = x;
   }
 
   public void setY(int y) {
      this.y = y;
   }
 
   public void setRadius(int radius) {
      this.radius = radius;
   }
 
   @Override
   public void draw() {
      System.out.println("Circle: Draw() [Color : " + color 
         +", x : " + x +", y :" + y +", radius :" + radius);
   }
}

import java.util.HashMap;
 
public class ShapeFactory {
   private static final HashMap<String, Shape> circleMap = new HashMap<>();
 
   public static Shape getCircle(String color) {
		 //若由相同对象直接返回
      Circle circle = (Circle)circleMap.get(color);
		//若没有便创建一个新的放入内存中下次用
      if(circle == null) {
         circle = new Circle(color);
         circleMap.put(color, circle);
         System.out.println("Creating circle of color : " + color);
      }
      return circle;
   }
}

public class FlyweightPatternDemo {
   private static final String colors[] = 
      { "Red", "Green", "Blue", "White", "Black" };
   public static void main(String[] args) {
 
      for(int i=0; i < 20; ++i) {
      	//从内存中取对象
         Circle circle = 
            (Circle)ShapeFactory.getCircle(getRandomColor());
         circle.setX(getRandomX());
         circle.setY(getRandomY());
         circle.setRadius(100);
         circle.draw();
      }
   }
   private static String getRandomColor() {
      return colors[(int)(Math.random()*colors.length)];
   }
   private static int getRandomX() {
      return (int)(Math.random()*100 );
   }
   private static int getRandomY() {
      return (int)(Math.random()*100);
   }
}

八、代理模式
现在有一个功能类，为功能类创建一个类，该类便是功能类向外界提供功能的接口。通俗点就是不直接访问功能类而是增加一个中间层，由这个中间层对功能类进行调用，这个中间层就是功能类的代理，需要用到功能类时只需调用这个代理即可。
代码：

public interface Image {
   void display();
}

功能类

public class RealImage implements Image {
 
   private String fileName;
 
   public RealImage(String fileName){
      this.fileName = fileName;
      loadFromDisk(fileName);
   }
 
   @Override
   public void display() {
      System.out.println("Displaying " + fileName);
   }
 
   private void loadFromDisk(String fileName){
      System.out.println("Loading " + fileName);
   }
}

代理

public class ProxyImage implements Image{
 
   private RealImage realImage;
   private String fileName;
 
   public ProxyImage(String fileName){
      this.fileName = fileName;
   }
 
   @Override
   public void display() {
      if(realImage == null){
         realImage = new RealImage(fileName);
      }
      //由代理对功能类进行调用
      realImage.display();
   }
}

public class ProxyPatternDemo {
   
   public static void main(String[] args) {
      Image image = new ProxyImage("test_10mb.jpg");
 
      // 图像将从磁盘加载
      image.display(); 
      System.out.println("");
      // 图像不需要从磁盘加载
      image.display();  
   }
}