异常处理

1、处理除零异常

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int divide(int x, int y){
	if(y == 0)
		throw x;
	return x/y;
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]){
	try{
		cout << "5/2 = " << divide(5, 2) << endl;
		cout << "8/0 = " << divide(8, 0) << endl;
		cout << "7/1 = " << divide(7, 1) << endl;
	}catch(int e){
		cout << e << " is divide by zero!" << endl;
	}
	cout << "That is ok." << endl;
	return 0;
	//5/2 = 2
	//8 is divided by zero!
	//That is ok.
}

2、异常接口声明

可以在函数的声明中列出这个函数可能抛掷的所有异常类型
例如
	void fun() throw(A, B, C, D);
若无异常接口声明，则此函数可以抛掷任何类型的异常
不抛掷任何类型异常的函数声明如下：
	void fun() throw();

3、异常处理中的构造和析构

自动的析构
	找到一个匹配的catch异常处理后
		初始化异常参数
		将从对应的try块开始到异常被抛掷处之间构造(且尚未析构)的所有自动对象进行析构
		从最后一个catch处理之后开始恢复执行

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
class MyException{
public:
	MyException(const string &message):message(message){}
	~MyException(){}
	const string &getMessage() const { return message; }
private:
	string message;
};

class Demo{
public:
	Demo(){cout << "Constructor of Demo" << endl;}
	~Demo(){cout << "Destructor of Demo" << endl;}
};
void func() throw(MyException){
	Demo d;
	cout << "Throw MyException is func()" << endl;
	throw MyException("exception thrown by func()");
}
int main(){
	cout << "In main function" << endl;
	try{
		func();//在接受异常时，由异常处理机制将d析构
	}catch(MyException& e){
		cout << "Caught an exception:" << e.getMessage() << endl;
	}
	cout << "Resume the execution of main()" << endl;
	return 0;
	//In main function
	//Constructor of Demo
	//Throw MyException in func()
	//Destructor of Demo
	//Caught an exception:exception thrown by func()
	//Resume the execution of mian()	
}

4、标准程序库异常处理

标准异常类：标准库中定义的与异常处理相关的类

标准异常类的基础
exception:标准程序库异常类的公共基类
logic_error表示可以在程序中被预先检测到的异常
如果小心地编写程序，这类异常能够避免
runtime_error表示难以被预先检测的异常

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <stdexcept>
using namespace std;

double area(double a, double b, double c) throw(invalid_argument){
	if(a <= 0 || b <= 0 || c <= 0)
		throw invalid_argument("the side length should be positive");
	if(a+b <= c || a+c <= b || c+b <= a)
		throw invalid_argument("the side length should fit the triangle inequation");
	double s = (a+b+c) / 2;
	return sqrt(s * (s -a) * (s - b) * (s - c));
}
int main(){
	double a, b, c;	//三角形三边长
	cout << "Please input the side lengths of a triangle:";
	cin >> a >> b >> c;
	try{
		double s = area(a, b, c);
		cout << "Area:" << s << endl;
	}catch(exception &e)
		cout << "Error:" << e.what() << endl;//e.what()返回异常对象中的字符串，异常的原因
	return 0;
}