面向对象设计模式：创建型模式之工厂模式

[Source] PPT of sk of NEU

一、问题引入：new Duck

• new 的问题

  • 当我们看见 new 的时候，一定会想到实例化具体类，毫无疑问这是一个具体实现，而不是接口；
  • 当我们有一整个相关的具体类的集合的时候，经常被迫写这样的代码：

    Duck duck;
    String s = "?";
    if(s.equals("picnic")){
    	duck = new MallardDuck();
    }else if(s.equals("hunting")){
    	duck = new DecoyDuck();
    }else if(s.equals("bath")){
    	duck = new RubberDuck();
    }else if(...){
    }
    

    • 上述代码存在的问题是，当需要改变或扩展时，如添加了新的具体的Duck类，我们必须重新打开该段代码来添加对应的分支；
    • 显然，上述代码是糟糕的；

• 又如，一个客户到了一家餐厅，他想吃鸭子，那它必须自己new一只鸭子？What？
  java Duck duck = new MallarDuck();

  • 显然，客户去餐厅是不可能自己去new一只Duck的，客户去餐厅吃鸭子，只需点单(需要哪种鸭子)，然后由服务员送入餐厅厨房进行new，然后端给客户(服务员就如同方法调用一般，而餐厅厨房就是生产鸭子的工厂，餐厅就是我们的程序代码集，客户就如同测试代码Test，告诉服务员需求即可)。

二、工厂模式

• Factory Pattern，Also Known As：Virtual Constructor

• Intent：意图

  • 定义一个创建对象的接口，但是让其子类自己决定实例化哪一个类。

• 适用情况

  • The concrete products are required not to exposed to clients(具体产品(类)要求不暴露给客户);
  • Creator can’t decide the concrete product it must create(创建者不能决定它创建的具体产品);
  • Creator wants its subclasses to specify the product it creates(创建者想要自己的子类来确定它创建的产品);
  • Creator delegate the responsibility of creating instance to one of several subclasses(创建者委托创建实例的职责到几个子类的其中一个).

• 类图

  • 工厂方法可以参数化以通过传递参数指定需要创建的产品类型。

• 协作

  • Creator relies on its subclasses to implement the factory method so that it returns an instance of the appropriate ConcreteProduct(Creator依赖于它的子类来实现工厂方法，从而返回适当的具体产品的实例)

• 优点

  • By placing all creation code (new) in one object or method, avoid duplication in the code and provide one place to perform maintenance(通过将所有创建代码(new)放置在一个对象或方法中，以避免代码中的重复，并提供一个进行维护的地方).
  • Clients depend only upon interfaces rather than the concrete classes required to instantiate objects(客户仅依赖于接口而不是需要用来实例化对象的具体类)——面向接口编程而不是面向实现编程。

• 缺点

  • A potential disadvantage of factory methods is that clients might have to subclass the Creator class just to create a particular ConcreteProduct object(工厂方法的一个潜在缺点就是客户仅是为了创建一个特定的ConcreteProduct(具体产品类)对象，就可能不得不创建一个 Creator 的子类).

三、应用实例：披萨连锁店

• 需求
  • 一家披萨连锁店有两个店：纽约店与芝加哥店，每个店都能够制作披萨
  • 每个店可以制作四种披萨(CheesePizza、PepperoniPizza、ClamPizza、VeggiePizza)但是每个店的口味有些许差异
  • 使用工厂方法，绘制类图，并用代码实现

---

Product：披萨

• 抽象披萨

import java.util.ArrayList;

public abstract class Pizza {
	String name;
	String dough; // 面团
	String sauce; // 酱
	ArrayList<String> toppings = new ArrayList<String>(); // 配料

	// 准备：揉面、加酱、加配料
	void prepare() {
		System.out.println("Preparing " + name);
		System.out.println("Tossing dough...");
		System.out.println("Adding sauce...");
		System.out.println("Adding toppings: ");
		for (int i = 0; i < toppings.size(); i++) {
			System.out.println("   " + toppings.get(i));
		}
	}

	// 烘焙
	void bake() {
		System.out.println("Bake for 25 minutes at 350");
	}

	// 切
	void cut() {
		System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into diagonal slices");
	}

	// 装
	void box() {
		System.out.println("Place pizza in official PizzaStore box");
	}

	public String getName() {
		return name;
	}

	public String toString() {
		StringBuffer display = new StringBuffer();
		display.append("---- " + name + " ----\n");
		display.append(dough + "\n");
		display.append(sauce + "\n");
		for (int i = 0; i < toppings.size(); i++) {
			display.append((String) toppings.get(i) + "\n");
		}
		return display.toString();
	}
}

• 芝加哥 4 种披萨：

// 芝士披萨
public class ChicagoStyleCheesePizza extends Pizza {

	public ChicagoStyleCheesePizza() { 
		name = "Chicago Style Deep Dish Cheese Pizza";
		dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
		sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
 
		toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
	}
 
	void cut() {
		System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
	}
}

…

// 香肠披萨
public class ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza extends Pizza {
	public ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza() {
		name = "Chicago Style Pepperoni Pizza";
		dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
		sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
 
		toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
		toppings.add("Black Olives");
		toppings.add("Spinach");
		toppings.add("Eggplant");
		toppings.add("Sliced Pepperoni");
	}
 
	void cut() {
		System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
	}
}

…

• 纽约 4 种披萨

// 芝士披萨
public class NYStyleCheesePizza extends Pizza {

	public NYStyleCheesePizza() { 
		name = "NY Style Sauce and Cheese Pizza";
		dough = "Thin Crust Dough";
		sauce = "Marinara Sauce";
 
		toppings.add("Grated Reggiano Cheese");
	}
}

// 素食披萨
public class ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza extends Pizza {
	public ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza() {
		name = "Chicago Deep Dish Veggie Pizza";
		dough = "Extra Thick Crust Dough";
		sauce = "Plum Tomato Sauce";
 
		toppings.add("Shredded Mozzarella Cheese");
		toppings.add("Black Olives");
		toppings.add("Spinach");
		toppings.add("Eggplant");
	}
 
	void cut() {
		System.out.println("Cutting the pizza into square slices");
	}
}

…

---

Creator：工厂-披萨店

• 抽象披萨店

public abstract class PizzaStore {

	// 工厂方法
	abstract Pizza createPizza(String item);

	public Pizza orderPizza(String type) {
		Pizza pizza = createPizza(type);
		System.out.println("--- Making a " + pizza.getName() + " ---");
		pizza.prepare();
		pizza.bake();
		pizza.cut();
		pizza.box();
		return pizza;
	}
}

• 芝加哥披萨店

public class ChicagoPizzaStore extends PizzaStore {

	Pizza createPizza(String item) {
        	if (item.equals("cheese")) {
            		return new ChicagoStyleCheesePizza();
        	} else if (item.equals("veggie")) {
        	    	return new ChicagoStyleVeggiePizza();
        	} else if (item.equals("clam")) {
        	    	return new ChicagoStyleClamPizza();
        	} else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) {
            		return new ChicagoStylePepperoniPizza();
        	} else return null;
	}
}

• 纽约披萨店

public class NYPizzaStore extends PizzaStore {

	Pizza createPizza(String item) {
		if (item.equals("cheese")) {
			return new NYStyleCheesePizza();
		} else if (item.equals("veggie")) {
			return new NYStyleVeggiePizza();
		} else if (item.equals("clam")) {
			return new NYStyleClamPizza();
		} else if (item.equals("pepperoni")) {
			return new NYStylePepperoniPizza();
		} else return null;
	}
}

---

客户点披萨：

public class PizzaTestDrive {
 
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		PizzaStore nyStore = new NYPizzaStore();
		PizzaStore chicagoStore = new ChicagoPizzaStore();
 
		Pizza pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("cheese");
		System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
 
		pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("cheese");
		System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");

		pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("clam");
		System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
 
		pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("clam");
		System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");

		pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("pepperoni");
		System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
 
		pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("pepperoni");
		System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");

		pizza = nyStore.orderPizza("veggie");
		System.out.println("Ethan ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
 
		pizza = chicagoStore.orderPizza("veggie");
		System.out.println("Joel ordered a " + pizza.getName() + "\n");
	}
}

三、JDK 应用实例

3.1 Class

静态工厂：
Class.forName(“java.lang.String”)
Class.forName(“java.lang.Integer”)

java.lang.Class#newInstance()

3.2 DocumentBuilderFactory

• 抽象类：DocumentBuilderFactory （构造方法 protected 以禁止实例化）
  

• 静态工厂方法：newInstance