1. 单例模式,Singleton Pattern
1.1 Definition 定义
单例模式是确保类有且仅有一个实例的创建型模式,其提供了获取类唯一实例(全局指针)的方法。
单例模式类提供了一种访问其唯一的对象的方式,可以直接访问,而不需要实例化该类的对象。
1.2 Motivation 动机
Sometimes we want just a single instance of a class to exist in the system. For example, we want just one window manager, or just one factory for a family of products.
有时我们只希望系统中存在一个类的单个实例。例如,我们只需要一个窗口管理器,或者一个产品系列只需要一个工厂。
1.3 Benefit 益处
- Controlled access to sole instance. 对唯一实例的受控访问
- More flexible than static class (class with all static properties and methods). 比静态类灵活
- Static class must be stateless; Singleton could be stateful. 静态类必须无状态,单例可以有状态
1.4 实现
- 私有构造方法
- 获取唯一实例引用的静态方法
2. 单例模式类型
2.1 懒汉式-线程不安全
- 懒加载:是
- 线程安全:否
public class LazyLoadingSingleton {
private static LazyLoadingSingleton lazyLoadingSingleton;
private LazyLoadingSingleton() {
}
public static LazyLoadingSingleton singleton() {
if (lazyLoadingSingleton == null) {
lazyLoadingSingleton = new LazyLoadingSingleton();
}
return lazyLoadingSingleton;
}
public void log(String msg) {
System.out.println("Log: " + msg);
}
}
2.2 懒汉式-线程安全
- 懒加载:是
- 线程安全:是
- 优点:首次调用初始化,避免内存占用
- 缺点:影响效率
public class LazyLoadingSingleton {
private static LazyLoadingSingleton singleton;
private LazyLoadingSingleton() {
}
public static synchronized LazyLoadingSingleton singleton() {
if (singleton == null) {
singleton = new LazyLoadingSingleton();
}
return singleton;
}
public void log(String msg) {
System.out.println("Log: " + msg);
}
}
2.3 饿汉式
建议采用
- 懒加载:否
- 线程安全:是
- 优点:未加锁,效率高
- 缺点:类加载时初始化,浪费内容
public class ClassLoadSingleton {
private static ClassLoadSingleton singleton = new ClassLoadSingleton();
private ClassLoadSingleton() {
}
public static ClassLoadSingleton singleton() {
return singleton;
}
public void log(String msg) {
System.out.println("Log: " + msg);
}
}
解法:静态内部类,延迟类加载的对象实例化
public class ClassLoadSingleton {
// private static ClassLoadSingleton singleton = new ClassLoadSingleton();
private static class SingleHandler {
private static final ClassLoadSingleton singleton = new ClassLoadSingleton();
}
private ClassLoadSingleton() {
}
public static ClassLoadSingleton singleton() {
return SingleHandler.singleton;
}
public void log(String msg) {
System.out.println("Log: " + msg);
}
}
2.4 双重校验锁:校验是否为空
双次校验是否为空,类加锁在双次校验之中
可以使用
- 懒加载:是
- 线程安全:是
- 优点:保证多线程下的效率
package singleton;
public class DoubleCheckSingleton {
private volatile static DoubleCheckSingleton singleton;
private DoubleCheckSingleton() {
}
public static DoubleCheckSingleton singleton() {
if (singleton == null) {
synchronized (DoubleCheckSingleton.class) {
if (singleton == null) {
singleton = new DoubleCheckSingleton();
}
}
}
return singleton;
}
public void log(String msg) {
System.out.println("Log: " + msg);
}
}
关于 volatile 易失性关键字:
volatile 提醒编译器它后面所定义的变量随时都有可能改变,因此编译后的程序每次需要存储或读取这个变量的时候,都会直接从变量地址中读取数据。如果没有 volatile 关键字,则编译器可能优化读取和存储,可能暂时使用寄存器中的值(在某一线程写入寄存器但且未写入变量地址),如果这个变量由别的程序更新了的话,将出现不一致的现象。