第一章——整数的唯一分解定理

• 注释：整除符号前的值不能为$0$。

整除性

• 定义
  $1$. 整除的定义：$a$整除$b⟺$$b$能被$a$整除$⟺$$a\mid b⟺\exists k，b=ak⟺$ $a$是$b$的因子$⟺b$是$a$的倍数
  $2$. 不整除的定义：$a$不整除$b⟺$$b$不能被$a$整除$⟺$$a\nmid b⟺\forall k，b\ne ak⟺$ $a$不是$b$的因子$⟺b$不是$a$的倍数
• 性质
  $1$.整除传递性： 若$a\mid b，b\mid c$则$a\mid c$
  证明
  $\because a\mid b，b\mid c$
  $\therefore \exists k_1，b=a{k}_1，\exists k_2，c=b{k}_2$
  $\therefore c=a{k}_1{k}_2$
  $\therefore a\mid c$
  证毕
  $2$.乘积不变性：若$a\mid b，$则$ac\mid bc$
  证明
  $\because a\mid b$
  $\therefore \exists k_1，b=a{k}_1$
  $\therefore bc=ac{k}_1$
  $\therefore ac\mid bc$
  证毕
  $3$.线性组合性：若$c\mid a，c\mid b$则$c\mid ax+by$
  证明
  $\because c\mid a，c\mid b$
  $\therefore \exists k_1，a=c{k}_1，\exists k_2，b=c{k}_2$
  $\therefore ax+by=c{k}_{1}x+c{k}_{2}y=c(k_{1}x+k_{2}y)$
  $\therefore c\mid ax+by$
  证毕
  $4$.因子较小性：若$a\mid b，b\ne 0$则$|a|\le |b|$
  证明
  $\because a\mid b$
  $\therefore \exists k_1，b=a{k}_1$
  $\because b\ne 0$
  $\therefore k_1\ne 0$
  $\therefore |k_1|\ge 1$
  $\because |b|=|a{k}_1|，|b|=|a|\times |k_1|$
  $\therefore |a|\le |b|$
  证毕
  $5$.约分不变性：若$ac\mid bc，$则$a\mid b$
  证明
  $\because ac\mid bc$
  $\therefore \exists k_1，bc=ac{k}_1$
  $\therefore b=a{k}_1$
  $\therefore a\mid b$
  证毕
  $6$.因子对称性：若$a\mid b，b\ne 0$则$\frac{b}{a}\mid b$
  证明
  $\because a\mid b$
  $\therefore \exists k_1，b=a{k}_1$
  $\because b\ne 0$
  $\therefore \frac{b}{a}=k_1\ne 0$
  $\therefore b=\frac{b}{a}a，\frac{b}{a}\ne 0$
  $\therefore \frac{b}{a}\mid b$
  证毕