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文章目录
环境介绍
拉链表可以用来记录数据的声明周期，适合那种数据量大但新增和修改频率不是很高的场景。比如总共100万条数据，每天新增大约1万条，修改1万条，这种变化不是很大的维度数据可以用拉链表来存。
我们这里将拉链表中每日最新的数据放入到9999-12-31分区中，过期的数据放入到前一天的分区中。
比如，2024-01-12日所有新增和修改数据（该拉链表采用增量同步）被采集到数仓的ODS层中，进入DIM层的时候将2024-01-12日修改过的老状态的数据（也就是过期数据）结束时间设置为前一天（标志该条数据生命周期结束），并放入前一天的分区中，而新增的数据和没有修改（没有修改过，那么这条数据的状态目前也是最新数据）过的数据放入到9999-12-31分区中，表示这张表最新状态的数据。
实现
1. 初始化拉链表
第一次向拉链表中导入数据的时候直接将ODS层中所有的数据overwrite到9999-12-31分区中就可以了，因为那天的数据就是最新的数据。
insert overwrite table dim_user_zip partition(dt="9999-12-31")
--insert overwrite local directory "ods_user2"
select
data.id,
data.login_name,
data.nick_name,
data.name,
data.phone_num,
data.email,
data.user_level,
data.birthday,
data.gender,
data.create_time,
data.operate_time,
date_format(nvl(data.operate_time,data.create_time),"yyyy-MM-dd") start_time,
"9999-12-31" end_time
from ods_user_info_inc
where dt="2024-01-11" and type="bootstrap-insert"
这步完成后就初始化完成了拉链表，也就对应上图中左上角那个 “该表9999-12-31分区原来的数据” 表中的数据。
2. 后续拉链表数据的更新
方式1：
新增数据和原来分区的数据进行 full join 然后判断选择要哪条数据，然后overwrite到表中就行了
with new as (
select *,
"2024-01-12" start_date,
"9999-12-31" end_date
from ods_user_info_inc
where dt = "2024-01-12"
), old as (
select
*
from dim_user_zip_inc
where dt = "9999-12-31"
), full_user as (
select
old表的所有字段,
new表的所有字段
from old full join new
on old.id=new.id
)
-- 将数据更新到dim层的拉链表中，这里采用动态分区，按最后一列选插入到哪个分区
insert overwrite table dim_user_zip_inc partition(dt)
select
if(new_id is not null, new_id, old_id),
......
--取完表中的字段后，要多加一个字段，用来动态分区到哪个分区中，最新的数据要放入9999-12-31分区
if(new_id is not null, new_end_date, old_end_date)
from full_user
-- 这是筛选出新增的数据和没有修改过的数据
where new_id is not null or (new_id is null and old_id is not null)
union all
select
选出老数据的字段,注意最后一个失效时间要改成前一天
cast (date_sub("2024-01-12", 1) as string),
-- 最后还是要多加一个字段，用来动态分区到哪个分区中，过期的数据要放入前一天分区
cast (date_sub("2024-01-12", 1) as string)
from full_user
-- 这是筛选出修改过的老数据
where new_id is not null and old_id is not null;
========================================================================
with new as (
select id,
login_name,
nick_name,
name,
phone_num,
email,
user_level,
birthday,
gender,
create_time,
operate_time,
start_date,
end_date
from (
select
data.id,
data.login_name,
data.nick_name,
data.name,
data.phone_num,
data.email,
data.user_level,
data.birthday,
data.gender,
data.create_time,
data.operate_time,
"2024-01-12" start_date,
"9999-12-31" end_date,
row_number() over (partition by data.id order by ts desc) rn
from ods_user_info_inc
where dt = "2024-01-12"
) t1
where rn = 1
), old as(
select id,
login_name,
nick_name,
name,
phone_num,
email,
user_level,
birthday,
gender,
create_time,
operate_time,
start_date,
end_date
from dim_user_zip
where dt="9999-12-31"
), full_user as(
select
old.id old_id,
old.login_name old_login_name,
old.nick_name old_nick_name,
old.name old_name,
old.phone_num old_phone_num,
old.email old_email,
old.user_level old_user_level,
old.birthday old_birthday,
old.gender old_gender,
old.create_time old_create_time ,
old.operate_time old_operate_time ,
old.start_date old_start_date,
old.end_date old_end_date,
new.id new_id,
new.login_name new_login_name,
new.nick_name new_nick_name,
new.name new_name,
new.phone_num new_phone_num,
new.email new_email,
new.user_level new_user_level,
new.birthday new_birthday,
new.gender new_gender,
new.create_time new_create_time ,
new.operate_time new_operate_time ,
new.start_date new_start_date,
new.end_date new_end_date
from old full join new on old.id=new.id
)
insert overwrite table dim_user_zip partition(dt)
select
if(new_id is not null,new_id,old_id),
if(new_id is not null,new_login_name,old_login_name),
if(new_id is not null,new_nick_name,old_nick_name),
if(new_id is not null,new_name,old_name),
if(new_id is not null,new_phone_num,old_phone_num),
if(new_id is not null,new_email,old_email),
if(new_id is not null,new_user_level,old_user_level),
if(new_id is not null,new_birthday,old_birthday),
if(new_id is not null,new_gender,old_gender),
if(new_id is not null,new_create_time,old_create_time),
if(new_id is not null,new_operate_time,old_operate_time),
if(new_id is not null,new_start_date,old_start_date),
if(new_id is not null,new_end_date,old_end_date),
if(new_id is not null,new_end_date,old_end_date)
from full_user where new_id is not null or (new_id is null and old_id is not null)
union all
select
old_id,
old_login_name,
old_nick_name,
old_name,
old_phone_num,
old_email,
old_user_level,
old_birthday,
old_gender,
old_create_time ,
old_operate_time ,
old_start_date,
cast(date_sub("2024-01-12",1) as string),
cast(date_sub("2024-01-12",1) as string)
from full_user where new_id is not null and old_id is not null;
方式二：
将旧数据和新数据都查出来然后union all到一起，然后根据用户id和start_time倒叙排序，编号为1的就是最新的数据，放到最新的分区，否则就是过期数据放到前一天的分区
with new as(
-- 取出当天修改的最后一条结果
select *,
'2024-01-12' start_time,
"9999-12-31" end_time
from (select
*,
row_number() over (partition by user_id order by ts desc) rn
from ods_user_info_inc
where dt = '2024-01-12'
) t1
where rn = 1
), old as(
select
*
from dim_user_zip_inc
where dt = "9999-12-31"
), full_user as(
select * from new
union all
select * from old
), ordered as(
select *,
row_number() over (partition by user_id order by start_time desc) rn
from full_user
)
insert overwrite table dim_user_zip_inc partition(dt)
select *,
if(rn=1,"9999-12-31",cast(date_sub("2024-01-12",1) as string)),
if(rn=1,"9999-12-31",cast(date_sub("2024-01-12",1) as string))
from ordered
==============================================================================
with new as(
-- 取出当天修改的最后一条结果
select id,
login_name,
nick_name,
name,
phone_num,
email,
user_level,
birthday,
gender,
create_time,
operate_time,
start_time,
end_time
from(
select
data.id,
data.login_name,
data.nick_name,
data.name,
data.phone_num,
data.email,
data.user_level,
data.birthday,
data.gender,
data.create_time,
data.operate_time,
"2024-01-12" start_time,
"9999-12-31" end_time,
row_number() over (partition by data.id order by ts desc) rn
from ods_user_info_inc
where dt = '2024-01-12'
) t1 where rn=1
), old as(
select id,
login_name,
nick_name,
name,
phone_num,
email,
user_level,
birthday,
gender,
create_time,
operate_time,
start_date,
end_date
from dim_user_zip
where dt = "9999-12-31"
), full_user as(
select * from new
union all
select * from old
), ordered as(
select id,
login_name,
nick_name,
name,
phone_num,
email,
user_level,
birthday,
gender,
create_time,
operate_time,
start_time,
end_time,
row_number() over (partition by id order by start_time desc) rn
from full_user
)
insert overwrite table dim_user_zip partition(dt)
--insert overwrite local directory "dim_user_zip2"
select id,
login_name,
nick_name,
name,
phone_num,
email,
user_level,
birthday,
gender,
create_time,
operate_time,
start_time,
if(rn=1,end_time,date_sub('2024-01-12',1)),
if(rn=1,'9999-12-31',cast(date_sub('2024-01-12',1) as string))
from ordered
这样就完成了拉链表的制作，包括拉链表的初始化和后续拉链表数据的更新，以后只需要改里面的时间就可以了。
总结
拉链表第一次导入数据就都是最新状态的数据，然后新采集到的数据和最新状态的数据join后将最新状态的数据写入最新的分区，过期数据写入前一天的分区，注意日期不要交叉。
踩坑：脚本中日期引用不要使用双引号，使用单引号就行了，也就是sql中变量字符等用单引号，双引号写入脚本中，最后再套一个双引号有问题。
FAILED: Execution Error, return code 1 from org.apache.hadoop.hive.ql.exec.MoveTask. Exception when loading 2 in table dim_user_zip with loadPath=hdfs://hadoop101:8020/warehouse/gmall/dim/dim_user_zip/.hive-staging_hive_2024-02-16_14-55-57_153_8417650511018457362-1/-ext-10000
彩蛋 - 想清空表的数据：转成内部表，清空数据后，再转成外部表，将分区目录删掉，然后再次跑脚本，其他表都没问题就拉链表新算出过期分区的数据拉不进去，这是啥原因？有高人指点一下吗？
我目前的解决方案是：删除了表然后重新建下就好了。
我查的原因是文件有特殊字符（这个不太可能，同样的数据重建表就能，应该不是数据问题），修复元数据也没用，分区字段有问题（这个也没问题，我检查了），重建元数据库（这个不靠谱，没试）搞了好久，没找到根本原因，放弃了，有大哥知道的话，麻烦指点一下🎈
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