2_2 Higher_Order_Function+Hog

Higher-Order Functions

图片不想改了,完整的就看库吧

iteration example

第一个例子是关于斐波那契序列的：求第n个斐波那契数，值得注意的是，习惯上0是第0个斐波那契数，以此类推[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-BpPOtBpq-1652191362443)(C:\Users\karl\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220327235406956.png)]

def fib(n):
    """Compute the nth Fibonacci number, for N >= 1."""
    pred, curr = 0, 1 # 0th and 1st Fibonacci numbers
    k = 1 # curr is the kth Fibonacci number
    while k < n: 
        pred, curr = curr, pred + curr
        k = k + 1
    return curr

这种解法可以算出斐波那契数，但是第零个除外，做一下优化：

def fib(n):
    """Compute the nth Fibonacci number, for N >= 1."""
    pred, curr = 1, 0 # 0th and 1st Fibonacci numbers
    k = 0 # curr is the kth Fibonacci number
    while k < n: 
        pred, curr = curr, pred + curr
        k = k + 1
    return curr

Designing Functions

前面书里已经讲过了，注意三个词：domain,range,behavior

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遵循一些原则：

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Higher Order Function

参数的泛化：

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一般情况下，对每一个图形定义函数计算：

"""Generalization"""
from math import pi, sqrt

def area_square(r):
    assert r > 0, "a length must be positive"
    return r * r

def area_circle(r):
    return r * r * pi

def area_hexagon(r):
    return r * r * sqrt(3) * 3 / 2

但是每一个r应该均为正数，如果用三个assert就会冗余，于是再定义一个函数泛化即可：

"""Generalization"""
from math import pi, sqrt

def area(r, shape_constant):
    assert r > 0, "a length must be positive"
    return r * r * shape_constant

def area_square(r):
    return area(r, 1)

def area_circle(r):
    return area(r, pi)

def area_hexagon(r):
    return area(r, sqrt(3) * 3 / 2)

对计算过程的泛化：

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"""Generalization"""
def cube(k):
    return pow(k, 3)

def identity(k):
    return k

def pi_term(k):
    return 8 / ((4 * k - 3) * (4 * k - 1))

def summation(n, term):
    """sum of the first n terms of a sequence
    >>> summation(5, cube)
    225
    >>> summation(5, identity)
    15
    >>> summation(5, pi_term)
    3.041839618929402
    """
    total, k = 0, 1
    while k <= n:
        total, k = total + term(k), k + 1
    return total

def sum_naturals(n):
    return summation(n, identity)

def sum_cube(n):
    return summation(n, cube)

def sum_pi(n):
    return summation(n, pi_term)

Functions as Return Values

def make_adder(n):
	"""Return a function that takes one argument k and returns k + n.
	>>> add_three = make_adder(3)
	>>> add_three(4)
	7
	"""
	def adder(k):
		return k + n
	return adder

带参数的函数调用，返回另一个函数：
![[Pasted image 20220404124011.png]]

lambda function

如果想将某个函数赋值给某个变量值，可以直接将函数的过程赋值给该变量值，不必在环境中增加函数名

>>> x = 10
>>> square = x * x #如果直接这样将无法完成函数的赋值
>>> square = lambda x: x * x
>>> square(4)
16
>>> square(5)
25
>>> square
<function <lambda> at 0x0000026298C7DF70>

lambda 表达式的函数没有return，且不能包含任何statement
![[Pasted image 20220404130121.png]]

lambda vs. def

![[Pasted image 20220404130206.png]]

Return

![[Pasted image 20220404132317.png]]

square = lambda x: x * x

def search(f):
    """search the number until satisfied"""
    x = 0
    while not f(x):
        x += 1
    return x

def is_three(x):
    return x == 3

def positive(x):
    return max(0, square(x) - 100) 

def reverse(f):
    """反函数"""
    return lambda y: search(lambda x: f(x)==y)

>>> re = reverse(square)
>>> re(121)
11
>>> search(positive)
11
>>> search(is_three)
3

Control

![[Pasted image 20220404135653.png]]
if语句确定哪些部分被执行而哪些部分不会，函数调用表达式则会执行所有operand

control expressions

这个前面书里有：
![[Pasted image 20220404140138.png]]
一个新的语句func(statement1 if statement2 else statement3)
![[Pasted image 20220404140615.png]]

Textbook_1.6_Higher-Order Functions

迭代计算出黄金比例：

"""guess out the golden ratio"""
def improve