CS 61A Spring 2018 week 2 hog 笔记1

1. 变量前加星号的意义

Python 参数知识（变量前加星号的意义）

2. 关键字nonlocal 和global

Python中关键字global与nonlocal的区别

3. Problem 1-3学习笔记

Problem1

def roll_dice(num_rolls, dice=six_sided):
    """Simulate rolling the DICE exactly NUM_ROLLS > 0 times. Return the sum of
    the outcomes unless any of the outcomes is 1. In that case, return 1.

    num_rolls:  The number of dice rolls that will be made.
    dice:       A function that simulates a single dice roll outcome.
    """
    # These assert statements ensure that num_rolls is a positive integer.
    assert type(num_rolls) == int, 'num_rolls must be an integer.'
    assert num_rolls > 0, 'Must roll at least once.'
    # BEGIN PROBLEM 1
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    sum = 0
    k = 0
    while num_rolls > 0:
        m = dice()
        # print(m)
        sum = m + sum
        num_rolls -= 1
        '''wrong statement
        if dice() == 1:'''
        if m == 1:
            k = 1
    if k == 1:
        return k
    else:
        return sum
    # END PROBLEM 1

可以看到标记为wrong statement的判断if dice() == 1，这里要判断是否存在为1的值不能再次用dice()，因为从dice.py中可以知道dice()会返回dice，而此处调用dice()是将当前位去和1比较大小，而并不会被加在sum中，会导致往后走一位，所以需要引入一个新变量m存储当前位的值。

Problem3

# dice.py
from random import randint


def make_fair_dice(sides):
    assert type(sides) == int and sides >= 1, 'Illegal value for sides'

    def dice():
        return randint(1, sides)  # dice ∈ [1,sides]

    return dice

six_sided = make_fair_dice(6)


def make_test_dice(*outcomes):  # return的是dice，然后再调用dice() !!!
    assert len(outcomes) > 0, 'You must supply outcomes to make_test_dice'
    for o in outcomes:
        assert type(o) == int and o >= 1, 'Outcome is not a positive integer'
    index = len(outcomes) - 1

    def dice():
        nonlocal index  # nonlocal只能在嵌套函数中使用,即在def()下的def()中使用，可以在o-p-t中尝试去掉这一句，就可以知道这句话的作用了！！
        index = (index + 1) % len(outcomes)
        return outcomes[index]

    return dice

# hog.py
def roll_dice(num_rolls, dice = six_sided):
    # These assert statements ensure that num_rolls is a positive integer.
    assert type(num_rolls) == int, 'num_rolls must be an integer.'
    assert num_rolls > 0, 'Must roll at least once.'
    sum = 0
    k = 0
    while num_rolls > 0:
        m = dice()
        print(m)
        sum = m + sum
        num_rolls -= 1

        if m == 1:
            k = 1
    if k == 1:
        return k
    else:
        return sum


def free_bacon(score):
    assert score < 100, 'The game should be over.'
    # BEGIN PROBLEM 2
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    return abs(score % 10 - score // 10) + 2
    # END PROBLEM 2


def take_turn(num_rolls, opponent_score, dice=six_sided):
    assert type(num_rolls) == int, 'num_rolls must be an integer.'
    assert num_rolls >= 0, 'Cannot roll a negative number of dice in take_turn.'
    assert num_rolls <= 10, 'Cannot roll more than 10 dice.'
    assert opponent_score < 100, 'The game should be over.'
    # BEGIN PROBLEM 3
    "*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
    if num_rolls == 0:
        return free_bacon(opponent_score)
    else:
        return roll_dice(num_rolls)
    # END PROBLEM 3

这里把dice.py中的函数和hog.py中的前几个函数放到了一个文件中进行测试。
以下是我关于重复出现的dice及缺省值six_sided的思考：

1.在def statement语句:def roll_dice(num_rolls, dice = six_sided)中,可以看到形参dice的缺省值为 six_sided，即make_fair_dice(6) 。

2.在写到take_turn() 函数中最后一句return roll_dice()函数的时候(为方便省略掉括号中的参数)，考虑到def statement 语句:def roll_dice(num_rolls, dice = six_sided)中参数dice是有缺省值的，于是想到:那return roll_dice()的dice是不是可以省略呢？

3.But unfortunately，如果写成 return roll_dice(num_rolls)，省略掉dice，让其为默认值six_sided。在terminal 中测试，可以看到测试了 take_turn(2,0,make_test_dice(4,6,1))，却没有得到正确的结果。

4.通过观察代码以及在online python tutor中一步步地运行，找到了原因：

① make_fair_dice(sides)与 make_test_dice(*outcomes) 两个函数返回的都叫dice，但是former是产生一个随机数， latter是通过一次次调用将一个元祖中的数依次print出来。姑且叫做dice1 & dice2 ，分别绑定func dice1() & func dice2() 。

② 因为测试语句为take_turn(2,0,make_test_dice(4,6,1))，因为make_test_dice(4,6,1)函数的返回值是dice2， 也就是说call take_turn()函数时，实参make_test_dice(4,5,7)绑定的是func dice2()。

③ 既然take_turn()函数的实参dice对应的是func dice2()，并不是默认的缺省值six_sided对应的func dice1()。那么take_turn()函数中最后返回的roll_dice()函数中就不能省略dice参数了，而必须写上dice，即写为return roll_dice(num_rolls,dice)。

④ 总结:
测试语句 take_turn()中第三个实参如果为make_test_dice() ,那么不能省略dice，必须写成return roll_dice(num_rolls,dice)，此时make_test_dice()与dice均对应make_test_dice()的返回值 func dice2。

如果想省略dice，写成return roll_dice(num_rolls)，那么在终端中测试的语句应该改为take_turn(2,0)，这表示take_turn()的传入参数即是缺省值six_sided对应的func dice1(）。这是return roll_dice(num_rolls)也省略了dice值，表示dice是默认的缺省值six_sided。