Matlab学习笔记_2

绘图基础

plot(x,y)%如果只给一个值，那默认x为1，2，3…
hold on%保留之前的图像
hold off%不保留之前的图像
plot(x,y,‘str’)%通过str来改变图形属性
str:

Data markers	Line types	Color
‘.’ ‘*’ ‘X’ ‘o’ ‘+’ ‘s’ ‘d’ ‘p’ ‘v’ ‘^’ ‘<’ ‘>’ ‘H’	‘-’ ‘–’ ‘-.’ ‘:’	‘k’ ‘b’ ‘c’(cyan) ‘g’ ‘m’(magenta) ‘r’ ‘w’ ''y

若一个图中有多条曲线，使用legend(‘name1’,‘name2’,…)为每条曲线添加标注
title()%添加绘图标题
xlabel()%添加x轴标签
ylabel()%添加y轴标签
zlabel()%添加z轴标签
如果在标题或标签中要用特殊格式需要用{}，例如pi,e^{x}

在绘图中添加文本，需要使用LaTex格式：
eg.

x=linspace(0,3);y=x.^2.*sin(x);plot(x,y);
line([2,2],[0,2^2*sin(2)]);
str='$$\int_{0}^ {2} x^2 \ sinx dx $$';
text(0.25,2.5,str,'Interpreter','latex');%前面两个参数表示文本的开始位置
annotation('arrow','X',[0.32,0.5],'Y',[0.6,0.4]);%显示箭头，X,Y分别表示箭头起始和中止的位置

绘图属性调整：

点击绘图中相关对象会自动显示其属性

h=plot(x,y)%创建该绘图的指针，以后可以通过直接调用指针来修改绘图
Utility function:

function	purpose
gca	return the handle of the “current” axes
gcf	return the handle of the “current” figure
allchild	find all children of specified objects
ancestor	find ancestor of graphics object
delete	delete an object
findall	find all graphics objects

get(h)%返回绘图h的属性
set(gca,‘XLim’,[0,2pi])%设置绘图h的gca返回属性的XLim为[0,2pi]
也可以直接xlim([1,2*pi])
set(gca,‘FontSize’,25)%设置字体为25
set(h,‘LineStyle’,’-.’,‘LineWidth’,7.0,‘Color’,‘g’)%简单易懂

x=rand(20,1);set(gca,'FontSize',18);
plot(x,'-md','LineWidth',2,'MarkerEdgeColor','k','MarkerFaceColor','g','MarkerSize',10)
%'-md'表示显示标记
xlim([1,20])

当需要画两个绘图对象时加figure：
figure,plot(x,y1);figure,plot(x,y2);
figure(‘Position’,[left,bottom,width,height]);%指定figure的位置与大小
在一个figure中画多图：
subplot(m,n,1)%m行n列的第一个图
eg.

t=0:0.1:2*pi;x=3*cos(t);y=sin(t);
subplot(2,2,1);plot(x,y);axis normal
subplot(2,2,2);plot(x,y);axis square
subplot(2,2,3);plot(x,y);axis equal
subplot(2,2,4);plot(x,y);axis equal tight

operation	purpose
grid on/off	make the grid visible or invisible
box on/off	make the box visible or invisible
axis on/off	make the axis visible or invisible
axis normal	automatically adjust the aspect ratio of the axes and the relative scaling of the data units
axis square	make the current axes region square
axis equal	set the aspect ratio so that the data units are the same in every direction
axis equal tight	set the axis limits to the range of the data
axis image	let the plot box fits tightly around the data
axis ij	place the origin of the coordinate system in the upper left corner
axis xy	place the origin in the lower left corner

保存绘图：

saveas(gcf,'<filename>','<formattype>');

formattype option:

option	bitmap image format
‘jpeg’	JPEG 24-bit
‘png’	PNG 24-bit
‘tiff’	TIFF 24-bit(compressed)
‘bmpmono’	BMP Monochrome
‘bmp’	BMP 24-bit
‘bmp256’	BMP 8-bit(256 color,use a fixed colormap)

option	vector graphics format
‘pdf’	full page portable
‘eps’	encapsulated postscript(EPS) level 3 black and white
‘epsc’	encapsulated postscript(EPS) level 3 color
‘meta’	enhanced Metafile(Windows only)
‘svg’	SVG(scalable vector graphics)
‘ps’	full-page postscript(ps) level 3 black and white
‘psc’	full-page postscript(ps) level 3 color

绘图进阶

x=logspace(-1,1,100);%产生100个10^-1至10¹的数
semilogx(x,y);%用10^x做x轴坐标绘图，类似有semilogy
loglog(x,y);%x轴,y轴均用10^x
plotyy(x,y1,x,y2);%在一个绘图中绘制左右两个y轴
hist(y,n)%统计直方图，n表示有几个条，统计y的整体情况
bar(x);%统计每个数值的情况，横轴为从0~n
bar3(y);%3D展示
eg.

x=[1 2 5 4 8];y=[x;1:5];
subplot(1,3,1);bar(x);title('one');
subplot(1,3,2);bar(y);title('two');
subplot(1,3,3);bar3(y);title('three');

barh(y);%横向展示

Pie chart
eg.

a=[10 5 20 30];
subplot(1,3,1);pie(a);
subplot(1,3,2);pie(a,[0,0,0,1]);%1表分割
subplot(1,3,3);pie3(a,[0,0,0,1]);

Polar chart
eg.

x=1:100;theta=x/10;r=log10(x);
subplot(1,4,1);polar(theta,r);
theta=linspace(0,2*pi);r=cos(4*theta);
subplot(1,4,2);polar(theta,r);
theta=linspace(0,2*pi,6);r=ones(1,length(theta));
subplot(1,4,3);polar(theta,r);
theta=linspace(0,2*pi);r=1-sin(theta);
subplot(1,4,4);polar(theta,r);

Stairs and Stem Charts%类似于离散
eg.

x=linspace(0,4*pi,40);y=sin(x);
subplot(1,2,1);stairs(y);
subplot(1,2,2);stem(y);

Boxplot%箱形图
ErroeBar%误差图
eg.

x=0:pi/10:pi;y=sin(x);
e=std(y)*ones(size(x));%std(y)表示y的标准差
errorbar(x,y,e);

fill();%填充图形颜色
eg.

t=(1:2:15)'*pi/8;x=sin(t);y=cos(t);
fill(x,y,'r');axis square off;
text(0,0,'STOP','Color','w','FontSize',80,...
'FontWeight','bold','HorizontalAlignment','center');

颜色配置
[R G B]%0~255
colorbar;%若是颜色表示数据的图，显示颜色数值条
colormap(hot/cool/gray/[name]);%使整个色图偏暖色系/冷色系/灰色
colormap(prism);%prism是颜色图数组
也可以用户自己定义颜色数组,eg.
a=ones(256,3);
colormap(a);

3D
plot3(x,y,z);
xlabel(‘str’);ylabel(‘str’);zlabel(‘str’);

如果需要绘制函数z=f(x,y)；需要先生成x,y的矩阵网格
再使用mesh()或是surf()绘制，mesh()和surf()的区别见效果图

x=-3.5:0.2:3.5;y=-3.5:0.2:3.5;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
Z=X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
subplot(1,2,1);mesh(X,Y,Z);
subplot(1,2,2);surf(X,Y,Z);

contour();%3D转2D，类似于等高线图和电位图eg.

x=-3.5:0.2:3.5;y=-3.5:0.2:3.5;
[X,Y]=meshgrid(x,y);
Z=X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
subplot(1,3,1);contour(Z,[-.45:.05:.45]);axis square;%指定等差间隔
subplot(1,3,2);[C,h]=contour(Z);
clabel(C,h);axis square;%标记等高线数值
subplot(1,3,3);contourf(Z);axis square;%contourf=contour fill,填充色彩

meshc()和surfc()%再mesh和surf的基础上在图下绘制contour

view(x,y);%观察三维图的角度，x表示偏离y轴负半轴的角度，y表示偏离z轴正半轴的角度的余角
light();%给3D图加光
patch();%空间绘制多边立体图

sao话一下

愿天下有情人终成眷属